阅读理解Architecture Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. ''The best buildings ate often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art. The renaissance brought about an entirely new age, not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture, the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted. They remain dominant until the 20th century. Many kinds of stone are used as building materials. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and Can be expected to endure. Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials ate more adaptable to industrial use. The complexity of modem lire calls for a variety of buildings. More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings; they spend their income in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and when they ate sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics. All these different types of buildings accumulated experiences needed by their designers. By the middle of the 20th century, modem architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex social needs. Important characteristics of modem architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. Advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all had important effects. A. Building Materials B. Need of Greater Building Varieties in Modern Life C. Restoration of Ancient Civilizations D. Evolution in Style E. Factors Affecting Modem Architectur 6 F. A Social Art

阅读理解Global Warming and Technological changes Recent studies have identified four major global environmental risks: acid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation and the greenhouse effect. On the whole, thanks to technological changes, people now tend to move toward warmer regions in North America and Europe. Climate warming will probably be a boon to Alaska, which is America''s least productive state in Gross National Product(GNP)per square mile. Studies of the impact of global warming on the United States and other developed regions find that the most vulnerable areas are those dependent on unmanaged ecosystems—on naturally occurring rainfall, run-off and temperatures, and the extremes of these variables. Agriculture, forestry and coastal activities fall into this category. Most economic activity in industrialized countries, however, depends very little on the climate. Intensive-care units of hospitals, communications, heavy manufacturing and microelectronics are among the sectors likely to be unaffected by climatic change. In selecting whether to set up in, say, Hong Kong or in Warsaw, few businesses will consider temperature a weighty factor. Greenhouse warming would have little effect on Americas national output. About 3% of American GNP originates in climate sensitive sectors such as farming and forestry. Another 10% comes from sectors only modestly sensitive-energy, water systems, property and construction. For the largest share, 87% , comes from sectors, including most services, that are negligibly affected by climate change.

阅读理解Resistance to Malaria 1. "Our job", said the health officer, "is to spray the walls of every house in every town and village in the malaria parts of Mexico". You may be surprised to learn that there are about ninety-nine thousand separate villages and towns. Some are big places like Mexico City, some are single houses deep in the jungles or upon the mountain-tops. The men working with our programme say that most of these localities lie within districts warm enough for the malaria-carrying mosquitoes to live in and spread the disease. That means that we must plan to spray the walls of nearly three million house once or twice a year for five years." 2. "We have studied everything very carefully" , the officer continued. "Our advance guards have drawn maps of some forty thousand parts of the country for use by the spray teams. Each house in the malaria districts has been given a special number. The United Nations has given us cars and trucks to carry the spray teams and their tools, but many of the houses to be sprayed are too difficult to reach by car. Half of our spray teams go on horseback or by boat." 3. "The malaria programme has been popular with the Mexican people. Everyone wants to help. The navy has offered us the services of ships. The Defence Department is helping us plan the movement of men and supplies. The Ministry of Education has printed sheets in Spanish and the more widely spoken Indian languages to explain how malaria is spread and why spraying helps. Doctors have spoken in the churches of many communities to explain the programme." 4. Resistance is a problem. It was in the United States that such resistance to sprays was first proved. Since then many other insects have developed resistance to poisons. Take the case of the housefly and D.D.T. At first D.D.T. killed them off. For a time flies died quickly. Then no more. Now D.D.T. wont hurt a fly. 5. What worries the health workers is the danger that mosquitoes may become resistant. Already resistance to some of the sprays has appeared in parts of the world, although no insect is yet resistant to all of the sprays. A. What worries us? B. What we have done? C. What''s our job? D. More and more people joined us. E. It will be a hard work. F. What''s the problem?

阅读理解Biotechnology Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented(发酵) in wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt(酸乳酶) or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt(麦芽) and hops(啤酒花) began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy(多乳的) bread rather than a firm, thin cracker they we''re acting as fledgling(缺乏经验的) biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology. What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic (治疗的) drugs. Still others envision (想象) the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious(有养分的) and naturally pest-resistant (有抵抗力的) to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits (引发) almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed. In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough(生面团) and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring. Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing(叠接) and recombine DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules cows can produce more milk or the same amount of feed, and we can synthesize the rapeutic molecules that have never before existed.

阅读理解How to Be a Nurse The physicians in a hospital form the core of the medical staff. But they could not provide effective medical care to their patients without the help of numerous other medical employees. From the view point of the patients, the nursing staff is particularly important. Nurses are usually in close contact with patients as long as they are in the hospital. A nurse does not study for as many years as a doctor. However each must be equally dedicated. Caring for sick persons requires a great deal of patience and concern. Most nurses work long days, and they often must work at odd hours or during the night. Under the supervision of the head nurse, the nursing staff must provide nursing services on a 24-hour basis and attend to patients’ needs. This responsibility continues around the clock, and so nurses must work in shifts. A shift is a period of duty usually eight in length. The nurses on the ward rotate their shifts. Some take turns working night duty; others work odd shifts. All of them work out of a central area on the ward called the nurses’ station. A nurse must always be alert. She can never afford to be careless. This is true in all nursing situation, but it is especially true in the intensive care unit. Patients under intensive care are critically ill, and they must be monitored at all times. The nurses who do intensive care duty have one of the most demanding jobs in the hospital. Serving as a nurse can be a very rewarding job. But it is not an easy one. Not every person is suited to become a nurse. Only very dedicated people have chosen nursing as a profession.

阅读理解On the Train The night train from Glasgow was so crowded that Donald, who was on his way to London to find a temporary job for the university vacation, wished that he had decided to travel by day. He had never been so hard up. He got on the train and walked along the corridor of the second-class compartments. He couldn''t find a seat anywhere. He could not afford to travel first class, and he did not want to stand in the corridor. Neither did he want to sit on his suitcase. He was so tired that he decided to sit down in a first class compartment at least for a while. He soon found one with a single occupant (乘客) , a gentleman reading documents from a briefcase. With the self-assurance of a first class traveler, he opened the door and went in. No sooner had he sat down than the ticket inspector arrived. What bad luck! Now he would have to pay the excess (额外的) fare. As he turned out his pocket to find enough money he saw the gentleman was watching him with amusement. It was humiliating (令人感到羞辱的). However, he was so tired that he soon fell asleep. Presently, hearing a noise, he half opened his eyes. Not only did he notice that his traveling companion had gone, but he also saw that a rough-looking man was searching through the businessman''s briefcase. Donald grabbed the briefcase and wrenched (猛夺) it free, kicking at the man''s leg. The man fled. Then the businessman returned and found Donald holding the briefcase and peering inside it. Donald realized that he was in quite an awkward situation, but the man was smiling. Nor was this the only surprising thing. Not only was the gentleman (who introduced himself as Mr. Smith) smiling, but he thanked Donald warmly. On his way back to the compartment, Mr. Smith had seen the man leaving in a great hurry. He had so quickly assessed the situation that he knew Donald was innocent. Only after a long chat, in which Donald was asked many questions about himself, did Donald discover that Mr. Smith was in fact managing director of a large factory in London. Donald had never imagined that this strange incident would help him to find a job, but just as they were leaving the train, Mr. Smith offered him the post of temporary Night Security Officer for his factory.

阅读理解Natural Health Care Natural health care is a philosophy and a set of principles and practices based on science that lead to an extraordinary level of personal health and happiness. It recognizes the unity of all life and holds that physical, mental, and emotional health cannot be separated, and that personal health, environmental health, and community health are parts of a whole. Natural hygiene (卫生学) teaches that the best way to achieve best health is right living—developing self-esteem and a positive attitude towards life; eating fresh, whole natural foods; exercising regularly; getting plenty of rest and sleep; getting plenty of fresh air and sunshine; learning to handle stress; and avoiding all negative influences of life. Basic principles: Natural health care is unique in its argument that health is normal—as simple as living in harmony with nature. Health and disease are a continuum (连续统一体)—the same physiological (生理的) laws govern the body in sickness and in health. Healing (康复) is a biological process—except in extraordinary circumstances, healing is the result of actions undertaken by the body on its own behalf. The tradition of natural health care: The traditional principles of natural hygiene are explained by Herbert M. Shelton in his Natural Hygiene: The Plain Way of Life. Shelton writes: It should not require argument to convince intelligent men and women that man can return to health and strength only upon a basis of law, natural law, specifically, upon a basis of those laws that operate to make human life possible. All laws essential to the welfare of man are written in his own constitution. Every rule of human conduct to be valued in promoting human welfare and happiness must be in harmony with his nature. No law, no social custom, no moral principle, can have any validity (有效性) for man that does not agree with his highest welfare. If it is not closely related to man''s highest physical, moral and intellectual fitness, it cannot be consistent with his highest ideals of truth, duty and enjoyment.

阅读理解Vegetarianism A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty to getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days of weeks(say, religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal. Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called "amino-acids", which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism. The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day. Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable source''s. A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-solube vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking.

阅读理解Anatomy 1. The term anatomy comes from Greek anatomy, "dissection". It is a branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things. The proper understanding of structure, however, implies a knowledge of function in the living organism. Anatomy is therefore almost inseparable from physiology, which is sometimes called functional anatomy. 2. It is convenient to subdivide the study of anatomy in several different ways. One classification is based on the type of organisms studied, the major subdivisions being plant anatomy and animal anatomy. Animal anatomy is further subdivided into human anatomy and comparative anatomy, which seeks out similarities and differences among animal types. Anatomy can also be subdivided into biological processes, for example, developmental anatomy, the study of embryos, and pathological anatomy, the study of diseased organs. 3. The oldest known systematic study of anatomy is contained in an Egyptian papyrus dating from about 1600 BC. In the 4th century BC Aristode increased anatomical knowledge of animals. The first real progress in the science of human anatomy was made in the following century by the Greek physicians Herophilus and Erasistratus, who dissected human cadavers (尸体) and were the first to distinguish many functions , including those of the nervous and muscular systems. 4. Modern anatomy began with the publication in 1543 of the work of the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius. Before the publication of this classical work anatomists had been so bound by tradition that the writings of authorities of more than 1000 years earlier, were accepted in lieu of actual observation. Vesalius and other Renaissance anatomists, however, based their descriptions on their own observations of human corpses, thus setting the pattern for subsequent study in anatomy. 5. The 17th-century invention of the compound microscope led to the development of microscopic anatomy. Under the leadership of the Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi, the study of the microscopic structure of animals and plants flourished during the 17th century. Microscopic anatomy developed rapidly in the 19th century. Knowledge of microscopic anatomy was greatly expanded during the 20th century as a result of the development of microscopes. A. The Beginning of research B. The subdivision of Anatomy C. The Beginning of Mordern Anatomy D. Anatomy in Ancient Times E. A Brief History of Microscopich Anatomy F. The definition of Anatomy

阅读理解Natural Medicines Since earliest days, humans have used some kinds of medicines. We know this because humans have survived. Ancient treatments for injury and disease were successful enough to keep humans from dying out completely. They were successful long before the time of modern medicine. Before the time of doctors with white coats and shiny (发亮的) instruments. Before the time of big hospitals with strange and wonderful equipment. Many parts of the world still do not have university-educated doctors. Nor do they have expensive hospitals. Yet injuries are treated. And diseases are often cured. How? By ancient methods. By medicines that might seem mysterious, even magical (有魔力的). Traditional medicines are neither mysterious nor magical, however. Through the centuries, tribal (部落的) medicine men experimented with plants. They found many useful chemicals in the plants. And scientists believe many of these traditional medicines may provide the cure for some of today''s most serious diseases. Experts say almost 80% of the people in the world use plants for health care. These natural medicines are used not just because people have no other form of treatment. They are used because people trust them. In developed areas, few people think about the source of the medicines they buy in a store. Yet many widely-used medicines are from ancient sources, especially plants. Some experts say more than 25% of modern medicines come, in one way or another, from nature. Scientists have long known that nature is really a chemical factory. All living things contain chemicals that help them survive. So scientists’ interest in traditional medicine is not new. But it has become an urgent concern. This is because the earth''s supply of natural medicines may be dropping rapidly.

阅读理解Paris 1. Paris, the capital and the largest city of the country, is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nation "s population and is the economic, cultural, and political center of France. The French governments have historically favored the city as the site for all decision-making, thus, powerfully attracting nearly all of the nation''s activities. 2. Paris has grown steadily since it was chosen as the national capital in the late 10th century. With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, a great number of people moved to the city from the country during the 19th century. The migration was especially stimulated by the construction of railroads, which provided easy access to the capital. After World War II more and more immigrants arrived. 3. The city is the centralized control point of most national radio and television broadcasting. It is a place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers and magazines and an international book publishing center. With more than 100 museums, Paris has truly been one of the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louvre, opened as a museum in 1793, is one of the largest museums in the world. 4. In the late 1980s about 4.1 million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary schools. In addition, about 5.4 million students attended some 11,200 secondary schools. Approximately 1.2 million students were enrolled annually at universities and colleges in France in the late 1980s. French centers of learning have served as academic models throughout the world. 5. Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the nation''s manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan area. Industries of consumer goods have always been drawn to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern high-technology industries also have become numerous since World War II. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment. A. Industry in Paris B. Culture C. Education D. Status E. Population Growth F. Economy

阅读理解In 2004, most of the unemployed in the US were women.

阅读理解Ice Cream For Dogs 1. Humans not only love eating ice cream, they enjoy feeding it to their pets(宠物). Market studies show that two-thirds of all dog owners give ice cream to their dogs. Unfortunately, says William Tyznik, an expert on animal nutrition(营养)at Ohio State University, ice cream is not good for dogs. "It has milk sugar in it," he says," which dogs cannot digest very well. " 2. Bothered by that knowledge but aware of the desire of dog owners to please their companions, Tyznik invented a new frozen treat for dogs that, he says, is more nutritious than ice cream—and as much fun to eat. The product, called Frosty Paws, is made of a liquid by-product (副产品) of cheese and milk with the sugar removed. Frosty Paws also contains refined soy flour, water, vegetable oil, vitamins and minerals. It took Tyznik, who has also invented a horse feed (called Tizwhiz)and another dog food (named Tizbits), three years to perfect the Frosty Paws formulas, and two attempts to commercialize it. After losing B 25, 000 trying to market the invention himself, Tyznik sold the rights to Associated Ice Cream of Westervile, Ohio, which makes the product and packages it in cups. 3. Tyznik claims that Frosty Paws has been tested extensively and that "dogs love it". Of 1,400 dogs that have been offered the product, he says, 89 percent took it on the first try. Three out of four preferred it to Milk-Bone or sausages. The product, which will be available in the ice-cream section of supermarkets, comes in packs of three or four cups, costing between 6 1. 79. 4. What would happen if a human should mistake Frosty Paws for real ice cream? Nothing, says Tyznik. Its harmless, but frankly, he says, it wont taste very good. A. The price of Frosty Paws B. No harm to human C. The creation of a new kind of ice cream for dogs D. Harm to human E. Feeding ice-creams to dogs F. Attraction to dogs

阅读理解Premature Smoking: A Serious Problem The third report on smoking and health from the Royal College of Physicians, which was published this month, contains important new sections on the smoking habits of children and the possible effect, on their future health. These include a twenty fold in the increase in the risk of lung cancer in heavy smokers and an increase of about three and a half times in the risk of dying from coronary(冠状的) heart disease; chronic(慢性的) oronchitis (支气管炎) and emphysema(肺气肿) are also much commoner. Teachers play an important part in determining the attitude of children to smoking, whether or not the children start to smoke, and in providing knowledge about the consequences of smoking. Whenever I see children of school age openly smoking in public, I wonder whether they really understand what they are doing. Probably most do not. I at least know that my clinical practice in lung disease will not be short of patients for the rest of my working life. About 34 percent of boys aged 15 smoke, and two thirds of this number of girls. Over the past ten years there has been a small but welcome reduction in the number of boys who smoke at this age, but an increase in the number of girls. One large study has shown that of those children who smoke more than one cigarette, as many as 85 percent become habitual (习惯的) smokers. This is partly because nicotine is one of the most dependent—producing drugs known, on a par with heroin and other hard drugs in this respect. One in three smokers start before the age of nine, some even as young as five. The causes of premature death which one-third of smokers will suffer, and of the prolonged illnesses which affect so many of them, are described in the report; its enough to say that the younger a child starts to smoke the greater are his chances of dying early. It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with nonsmokers they are more rebellious(反抗的), their work deteriorates(使变坏) as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent(违法的) and sexually(性的) precocious(早熟). Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood. There are a number of factors which determine the onset(开始) of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters. It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuades adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact, this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises (场所). This rule has even been introduced at Summerhill School where I spent my school days. There is, however, a risk of children smoking just to rebel against the rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporeal (肉体的) punishment there is much smoking as in other schools, Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.

阅读理解Defective Genes and Human Health Each of us carries about half a dozen defective(有缺点的) genes. We remain blissfully(快乐地) unaware of this fact unless we, or one of our close relatives, are amongst the many millions who suffer from a genetic disease. About one in ten people has, or will develop at some later stage, an inherited(遗传的)genetic disorder, and approximately 2,800 specific conditions are known to be caused by defects (mutations) in just one of the patient''s genes. Some single gene disorders are quite common-—cystic(胞状的) fibrosis (纤维化) is found in one out of every 2,500 babies born in the Western World—and in total, diseases that can be traced to single gene defects account for about 5% of all admissions to children''s hospitals. Most of us do not suffer any harmful effects from our defective genes because we carry two copies of nearly all genes, one derived from our mother and the other from our father. The only exceptions to this rule are the genes found on the male sex chromosomes (染色体) Males have one X and one Y chromosome, the former from the mother and the latter from the father, so each cell has only one copy of the genes on these chromosomes. In the majority of cases, one normal gene is sufficient to avoid all the symptoms of disease. If the potentially harmful gene is recessive(后退的), then its normal counterpart(配对的) will carry out all the tasks assigned to both. Only if we inherit from our parents two copies of the same recessive gene will a disease develop. On the other hand, if the gene is dominant(显性的), it alone can produce the disease, even if its counterpart is normal. Clearly only the children of a parent with the disease can be affected, and then average only half the children will be affected. Huntington''s chorea (舞蹈病) , a severe disease of the nervous system, which becomes apparent only in adulthood, is an example of a dominant genetic disease. Finally, there are the X chromosome-linked genetic diseases. As males have only one copy of the genes from this chromosome, there are no others available to fulfill the defective gene''s function. Examples of such diseases are Duchenne muscular dystrophy(营养不良) and, perhaps most well known of all, hemophilia(血友病). Queen Victoria was a carrier of the defective gene responsible for hemophilia, and through her it was transmitted to the royal families of Russia, Spain, and Prussia. Minor cuts and bruises, which would do little harm to most people, can prove fatal to hemophiliacs, who lack the proteins(Factors VIII and IV) (凝血因子VIII和IV)involved in the clotting(血凝结)of blood, which are coded for by the defective genes. Sadly, before these proteins were made available through genetic engineering, hemophiliacs were treated with proteins isolated from human blood. Some of this blood was contaminated(污损) with the AIDS virus, and has resulted in tragic(悲惨的) consequences for many hemophiliacs. Use of genetically engineered proteins in the rapeutic applications, rather than blood products, will avoid these problems in the future. Not all defective genes necessarily produce detrimental(有害的)effects, since the environment in which the gene operates is also of importance. A classic example of a genetic disease having a beneficial effect on survival is illustrated by the relationship between sickle-cell,(镶形血球)anemia (贫血症) and malaria(疟病). Only individuals having two copies of the sickle-cell gene and one normal gene are unaffected and, more importantly, are able to resist infection(传染) by malarial parasites (寄生虫). The clear advantage, in this case, of having one defective gene explains why this gene is common in populations in those areas of the world where malaria is endemic(特有的).

阅读理解The Function of Tomatoes How do we love tomatoes? Let''s count the ways: we love them in pasta, on pizza, in juice, in salad and soup, sliced on sandwiches, stuffed with tuna, even dried and baked in bagels, but most of all, we love them right off vine—ripe, red, and delicious. While tomato lovers don''t need an excuse for eating them by the bushel (蒲式耳), now there''s even more reason to savor these delicious fruits. Evidence is mounting that people who eat tomatoes have a substantially lower risk for cancer. In a thousand-person study of eating habits and health, Harvard Medical School researchers found that those who ate tomatoes every week had the lowest chance of dying form cancer. Recently, a study of 48, 000 American men showed a 21 to 34 percent lower risk for prostate cancer(前列腺癌)among those who consumed tomatoes, tomato sauce, or pizza more than twice a week. And in study of men and women in Italy, eating seven or more serving of raw tomatoes a week was linked to a 30 to 60 percent reduction in digestive tract and prostate cancers, depending on the type of cancer. The protective qualities of the tomato are thought to come from lycopene(番茄红素) ,a potent antioxidant(抗氧化的) plant chemical that is abundant in tomatoes. Lycopene is responsible for the red color of tomatoes; the darker red the tomato is, the more lycopene it contains. Green and yellow tomatoes do not contain lycopene. Lycopoene is also found in watermelon and pink grapefruit, but tomatoes are the most abundant source. Cooking enhances the lycopene more available. Thus, tomato sauce and paste is even a better source for lycopene than fresh raw tomatoes. Lycopene is fat soluble and must be consumed with a certain amount of fat to be absorbed by the body. Tomato recipes must contain a moderate amount of oil to ensure that along with a delicious taste treat, you will also be receiving all the health benefits tomatoes have to offer.

阅读理解Americans Decrease Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity(不同) between the indigenous (本土的) population of America in 1492—new estimates of which soar as high as 100 million, or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that chronic disease was an important factor in the precipitous(险峻的) decline, and it is highly probable that the greatest killer was epidemic disease, especially as manifested in virgin-soil (处女地) epidemics. Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically(免疫学的) almost defenseless. That virgin-soil epidemics were important in American history is strongly indicated by evidence that a number of dangerous maladies(病)—small pox, measles(麻疹) ,malaria(疟病), yellow fever, and undoubtedly several more— were unknown in the pre-Columbian New World. The effects of their sudden introduction are demonstrated in the early chronicles of America, which contain reports of horrendous (可怕的) epidemics and steep population declines, confirmed in many cases by recent equantitative analyses of Spanish tribute records and other sources. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and begin to keep continuous records until the seventieth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. Furthermore , the British tended to drive the native populations away, rather than enslaving them as the Spaniards did, so that the epidemics of British America occurred beyond the range of colonists direct observation. Even so, the surviving records of North America do contain references to deadly epidemics among the indigenous population. In 1616—1619 an epidemic, possibly of bubonic or pneumonic (肺的) plague (瘟疫), swept coastal New England, killing as many as nine out of ten. During the 1630''s small-pox, the disease most fatal to the Native American people, eliminated half the population of the Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820''s fever devastated the people of the Coulumbia River area, killing eight out of ten of them. Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles among the Native American inhabitants of Ungava Bay. Quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and killed 7 percent, even though some had the benefit of modern medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that even diseases that are not normally fatal can have devastating consequences when they strike an immunologically defenseless community.

单选题Preserving Nature for Future Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain sometimes hide the fact that similar needs are felt in the rest of Europe. Studies by the Council of Europe, of which 21 countries are members, have shown that 45 per cent of reptile (爬行动物) species and 24 per cent of butterflies (蝴蝶) are in danger of dying out. European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr. Peter Baum, an expert in the environment and natural resources division of the council, when he spoke at a conference arranged by the administrators of a British national park. The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council"s diploma (证书) for nature reserves (自然保护区) of me highest quality, and Dr. Baum had come to present it to the park once again. He was afraid that public opinion was turning against national parks, and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today. But Dr. Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed. To be allowed to survive in peace in their own right. "No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as a tourist attraction." he went on. The short, sighted view that reserves had to serve immediate human demands for outdoor recreation (户外娱乐) should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future. "We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems, on which any built-up area ultimately depends." Dr. Baum went on. "We could manage without most industrial products, but we could not manage without nature. However, our natural environment areas, which are the original parts of our countryside, have shrunk (缩小) to become mere islands in a spoiled and highly polluted landmass."

单选题It is no use debating the relative merits of this policy.

单选题The news will Uhorrify /U everyone.