填空题Single-parent Kids Do Best Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents—at least in the bird world. Mother zebra finches have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own, but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate. The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors such as hunting and food supply. 1 In evolutionary terms, the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for their offspring, so they can concentrate on breeding again. So it"s normal for parents to try to pass the buck to each other. But Ian Hartley from the University of Lancaster and his team wondered how families solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring. 2 They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each single mum had two—supposedly the same amount of work. But single mums, they found, put in about 25 percent more effort than females rearing with their mate. 3 "The offspring suffer some of the cost of this conflict," says Hartley. The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight, but in how attractive they are to the opposite sex. When the chicks were mature, the researchers tested the "fitness" of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner. 4 Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care given to offspring, says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge University, who works on conflict of parents in birds. "But the experimental evidence is not great. The breakthrough here is showing it empirically." More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley"s statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour, clutch size and even appearance. "People have not really made that link," says Hartley. A female"s reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. 5 A. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy, and it"s the chicks that pay the price. B. To find out, they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies. C. Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families. D. With two parents around, there"s always a conflict of interests, which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring. E. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well. F. It turned out that single mums had greater influence on their offspring.

填空题More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDS Conference Prevention is a central issue being discussed at the sixteenth International AIDS Conference in Toronto, Canada. Twenty-four thousand delegates are at the conference which ends Friday. Bill and Melinda Gates called for faster research to develop preventions like microbicides for women to use when they have sex. (46) Melinda Gates said the way to "change this epidemic" is to put power in the hands of women. In southern Africa, for example, about sixty percent of adults living with HIV are women. Bill Gates said women today often have no choice but to depend on men not to infect them. "A woman should never need her partner's permission to save her own life," he said as the conference opened Sunday. (47) On Monday, former President Bill Clinton said more people would get tested for HIV if an aggressive effort took place to fight the stigma. But reducing fears of social rejection is not enough. (48) Researchers at the conference presented the results of a new study of HIV testing. It involved more than one hundred thousand people tested in California last year. Some received a quick test, with results in about twenty minutes. The others received a test that is more commonly used; the results takes two weeks. The researchers say twenty-five percent of the people who had the longer test did not return to learn the results. (49) George Lemp of the University of California led the study. He says quick tests could be especially important in developing countries with limited transportation. Speakers at the AIDS conference also discussed high rates of new HIV infections among black Americans. Julian Bond is chairman of the NAACP , a leading civil rights group. (50) Public health officials say half of all new HIV infections in the United States are in blacks. African American delegates at the conference said they will prepare a five-year plan to reduce infection rates and increase testing.A. The chairman said African-Americans must, in his words, "face the fact that AIDS has become a black disease. "B. Mr. Clinton said people also need a guarantee they would get medicine to suppress the virus.C. Delegates at the conference have worked out an action with the virus that causes AIDS.D. They hoped that such products could protect against infection with the virus that causes AIDS.E. The world's richest man said "stopping AIDS" is the top priority of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.F. But that was true of only two percent of those who had the quick test.

填空题Successful Language Learners Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques that make language easier for them. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning language independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} On British Newspapers{{/B}}1 Besides the daily newspapers, there are a number of Sunday newspapers in Britain. Many of them are connected with the "dailies", though not run by the same editor and his members. The Sunday papers are larger than the daily papers and usually contain more articles concerned with comment and general information rather than news. The national daily and Sunday papers have the largest circulation in the world. Of the Sunday papers, the Observer and the Sunday Times are the best known.2. It is a regrettable fact that the number of magazines of a literary or political nature has dropped down since the war. This has probably been caused by the ever-wider use of radio and television The most successful magazines are those published for women. Their covers are designed to catch the eye, and they certainly succeed in doing so! They offer their readers articles on fashion, needlework, and many other matters of women interest. They also provide advice to those in love, and adventures with handsome heroes. Some women's magazines also include serious articles of more general interest.3 The visitor who looks at the magazines displayed in a large bookstall which may be found in an important railway station will notice that there is wide variety of technical books and magazines. There are magazines for the motorist, the farmer, the gardener, the nurse, and many others.4 Thre are many local and regional newspaper. It is common in Britain for a news agent to deliver the morning papers to his customers for a small extra payment; this service is usually performed by boys and girls who want to earn some pocket-money.

填空题Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women There is a range of reasons why thin women think they"re too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest. Researchers found that among more than 2,400 slim women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. 1 According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society"s "ideal" female body is moving toward an underweight physique. 2 To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index was at the low end of normal. 3 Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. 4 In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. 5 A. The same was true of 4 women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old. B. Experiences" in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image. C."Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one"s) own body weight may be established early in life," Kjaer and her colleagues write. D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less. E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it. F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.

填空题The Magic io Personal Digital Pen Check out the io Personal Digital Pen launched by Logitech. It's a magic pen that can store everything you write and transfer it to your computer. And you don't have to lug a hand-held device along with you for it to work. Logitech's technology works like this: The pen writes normally, using normal ballpoint pen ink. But while you are writing, a tiny camera inside the pen is also taking 100 snapshots per second of what yon are doing, mapping your writing via a patchwork of minute dots printed on the paper. All this information the movement of your pen on the paper, basically is then stored digitally inside the pen whether you are writing notes or drawing complex diagrams. You can store up to 40 pages worth of doodles in the pen's memory. As far as you are concerned, you are just using a normal pen. It is only when you drop the pen into its PC-connected cradle that the fun begins. Special software on your PC will figure out what you have done, and begin to download any documents you have written since the last time it was there. Depending on whether you have ticked certain boxes on the special notepad, it can also tell whether the document is destined to be an e-mail, a "to do" task, or a diagram to be inserted into a word-processing document. Once the documents are downloaded you can view them, print them out or convert then to other formats. The io Personal Digital Pen is a neat and simple solution to the problem of storing, sharing and retrieving handwritten notes, as well as for handling diagram, pictures and other non-text doodling. You don't have to carry a laptop along with you. All you have to do is just whip out the pen and the special paper and you are off. It is a great product because it does not force you to work differently walking around with a screen strapped to your arm, or carrying with you extra bits and pieces. The pen is light and works like a normal pen if you need it to, while the special notepads look and feel like notepads. The only strange looks will be from people who are curious why you are writing with a cigar. The io Personal Digital Pen also has Potential elsewhere. FedEx, for example, is introducing a version of the pen so that customers can fill out forms by hand instead of punching letters into cumbersome devices. Once that data is digital more or less anything can be done with it transferring it wirelessly to a central computer, far example, or via a hand-phone. Doctors could transmit their prescriptions direct to pharmacies, reducing fraud; policemen could send their reports back to the station, reducing paperwork.A. A Friendly and Convenient DeviceB. Ways to Download the Stored InformationC. Examples of Other Potential Applications of the Io PenD. Customers' Passion for the Io PenE. FedEx the First User of the Io PenF. Working Principle of the Io Personal Digital Pen

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 {{B}}Breaking the News about Your Diagnosis{{/B}}1 When I was diagnosed with breast cancer nearly a year ago, I found myself at a loss for words at first. Over time, however, I developed some pointers (点子), which I hope will help others. 2 During the first few weeks of emotional "aftershocks" (余悸) from the diagnosis, I found myself unable to utter the word "cancer". Still, I wanted to share the news with my relatives and friends who already knew that I'd had a biopsy (活检) and were anxiously awaiting my telephone call. I did the best I could, which is all anyone can do in this situation. When I called them, I said, "What we feared has happened." They immediately knew what I meant.3 Nearly a year after my diagnosis, I find myself more comfortable telling people "1 was diagnosed with cancer" instead of saying "1 have cancer." On some deep level, I don't want to "own" this illness. Choose language that suits you when you share your news. And keep in mind that there is no one "right" way of doing this.4 Most people, after hearing your announcement, will be curious about the next step. They may wonder if you will be undergoing radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy (化疗). They may wonder where and when you will have surgery. Answer their questions as best you can, but keep in mind that "1 don't know right now" or 'Tm still in too much shock to think about that" are good answers.5 Wait until the initial wave of strong emotions has passed before telling the children in your life. Don't overwhelm (使不知所措) very young children with too much information. Assure them that, even if you will be in the hospital for a while, they will see you every day and they will be cared for, Older children may already fear the word "cancer", so be prepared to reassure them. Emphasize the positive steps that doctors will be taking to treat your illness.

填空题More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 1. Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. 2. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night"s sleep than 8-hour sleepers. 3. These findings, which Dr. Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine , demonstrate that people who want to get a good night"s rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. 4. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep—for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. 5. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fail back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. 6. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they"ll spend a higher percentage of time awake," he said.

填空题The Meaning of Dreams 1. Dreams play an important role in our lives. If they can be correctly interpreted, we can come to understand ourselves better. Here,we look at four common dreams and what they potentially symbolize. 2. I can see their laughing faces...laughing at me. But they aren't as smart. If they were ,they'd be up here flying with me ! This dream has both positive and negative connotations(涵义). On the positive side,the dream may express a strong desire to travel and get away from everyday routine. It can also be interpreted as a powerful desire to achieve. On the other hand, this dream can mean the person has a problem or is afraid of something and they wish to escape. The dream could represent an inferior- ity complex(自卑情结),which the dreamer attempts to escape from by putting themselves up above others. 3. I'm moving fast now ,but it's still behind me. Doesn't matter how fast I go ,I still can't escape. Although this is a traditional symbol of health and vitality(生命力)like the first one,it can also suggest the dreamer is trying to escape from danger. Usually,fear is the dominant emotion. By running hard,the dreamer can possibly escape the threat. However,they can also stumble(蹒跚) or worse still stop moving altogether. This makes the fear even more terrifying(恐怖的). One possible interpretation suggests that the person is under pressure in their everyday life. 4. I'm sweating and my heart is beating. I'm trapped in my own bed. In this dream,the person is often standing on a high,exposed place such as on the top of a tower,or on the edge of a cliff. The overwhelming(强烈的)feeling changes from anxiety to a loss of control. There is nothing to stop the person,and the feeling as they go over the edge can be horrifyingly(恐怖地) real. Fortunately,just before hitting the ground, the dreamer awakens with a sense of enormous relief. This dream suggests that the dreamer is afraid of losing control and has a fear of failure or even death. 5. The wind is pushing me and I slip. There' s nothing I can do...nothing I can hold on to. This symbol is associated with fear: suddenly the dreamer loses all power of movement. They try hard to move their arms and legs. but they simply cannot. Frozen in a terrifying situation with no escape,they become more and more terrified as the seconds go by. Another frequent context for this dream is failing to do something in public,often something which you are normally very good at,such as your job. Not only is this extremely embarrassing,but it also shows a deep seated phobia(恐惧)of losing a job and a livelihood.A. Dream of running hardB. Dream of falling downC. Dream of being pushed awayD. Dream of flying into the airE. Dream of climbing treesF. Dream of diving into the water

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 1. Mind and body are two parts of a complex organism controlled by the nervous system, which acts on information received from the senses. The way a person perceives and reacts depends on his mood, his state of health, his diet, his body temperature and his level of consciousness. 2. There is considerable evidence that every thought or emotion has some related physical effect, and that every change within the nervous system should have some psychological effect. Although the precise nature of these correlations is not always known, the view that body and mind are constantly interacting in some way is now accepted by most psychologists. 3. The relationship between mind and body is particularly apparent in emotional states, especially those of fear and anger. When a person is in the grip of a powerful emotion his body undergoes changes, just as it does when he is asleep, ill or under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Most people are familiar with such sensations as a dry mouth when they are nervous, or a racing heart when they are afraid or excited. Such physical changes can be measured, for instance, by recording pulse rate and breathing, or by measuring the dilation of the pupils of the eyes. 4. a particularly sensitive measure of bodily change during periods of emotion is the galvanic skin response(GSR). This is used in the instrument known as the lie detector. The GSR depends on the fact that some mental activity produces bodily changes, such as sweating, which affect the skin's resistance to electricity. To measure GSR, electrodes are placed on the palm and on the back of the hand, and a weak current is passed between the electrodes. Changes in the current are recorded in an amplified form, often by means of an automatically controlled pen on moving paper. Other recordings, for instance of pulse, blood pressure and breathing, can be made simultaneously, by an instrument called a polygraph. 5. The galvanic skin response method has proved a very efficient indicator of general psychological arousal. Even slight embarrassment will cause a defection of the recording pen.

填空题A. visibility is reducedB. all of the effects of pollution on the human bodyC. pollution is not controlledD. who is responsible for itE. man's behaviorF. more money should be spent in solving the problem

填空题Okinawans (日本冲绳) continue to practice martial arts, ride bicycles, dance, garden, walk, and fish well into theft old age, which helps keep them looking and feeling healthy. They have relaxed schedules, which reduces their stress levels. And they pay attention to their spirituality and their inner selves through prayer and meditation.A. Okinawans living in Brazil and eating a typical Brazilian diet rich in red meat have a life expectancy 17 years lower than that of their countrymen in Okinawa.B. Each of these behaviors is an important piece of the Okinawan formula for health andlongevity.C. The Okinawan diet consists mostly of vegetables and whole grains.D. But Okinawans enjoy riches of a different kind--they have the longest life--expectancy rate in the world.E. So what is the secret to the Okinawans' health and longevity?F. In fact, compared to the United States, Okinawa's death rate for coronary heart disease is 80% lower.

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复京章原貌。 {{B}}How Did She Conquer the Americans?{{/B}} African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the world's most powerful celebrity, according to Forbes magazine.{{U}} (46) {{/U}} Winfrey, 51, draws 30 million viewers weekly in the United States. Her talk show reaches 112 countries. She earned US$225 million over the past 12 months to rank second in celebrity riches. The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings.{{U}} (47) {{/U}} "After 21 years, her exciting chat show still rules the airwaves. It created new celebrities and hundreds of millions of dollars in profits," the magazine said. Winfrey is most popular with her popular talk show "The Oprah Winfrey Show". She can always attract the superstars and let them open up to her intimate interviewing style. Last month, American actor Tom Cruise, 42, surprised fans when he celebrated his new romance with 26-year-old actress Katie Holmes. He jumped up and down, shouting "rm in love." Only a few years ago, Cruise and his ex-wife Nicole Kidman appeared separately on the same show telling the' news of their divorce.{{U}} (48) {{/U}} Winfrey's approach appears to be simple. She is in pursuit of self-improvement and self-empowerment (自强). This has proved to be just what people, especially women, want. Winfrey often talks about her personal secrets on her show. That pulls in viewers. For example, she revealed that she had been sexually abused as a child, and has spoken freely of her struggle with her weight. Winfrey was born to a poor family in Mississippi in 1954.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}At the age of 19, she became the youngest person and the first African-American woman to anchor (主持) a news programme. Her success has not just been on the screen. Her media group includes a women's TV network and websites for women. Winfrey's work has extended to social change.{{U}} (50) {{/U}} She testified before the US Senate to establish a national database of dangerous child abusers. President Bill Clinton later signed "Oprah Bill" into law.A．But it also looks at the celebrity's presence on the Internet and in the media.B．In 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection Act.C．She was not a very successful woman.D．She began broadcasting while still at high school.E．It placed Winfrey at the top of its annual ranking of the 100 people last week.F．The couple had been tight-lipped about their break-up.

填空题Leukemia Leukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow. (1) A. kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don't work the way they're supposed to. (2) The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells — such as red blood cells ( that carry oxygen in the blood to the body's tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) — are also crowded out by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up. Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs. (3) Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better. Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. (4) If the cancer isn't getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then a kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment — with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid's bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells. So, doctors will then give a kid — or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working — normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. (5) A. The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid's upper chest. B. Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases. C. This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia. D. Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made. E. They don't protect the person from infections very well. F. Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Evolution of Sleep Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic (脑电图)sense we share it with all the primates (灵长类)and almost all the other mammals(哺乳动物) and birds. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal. Predators (捕食者) are much more likely to dream than prey. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} In dream sleep, the animal can't move and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli(外部刺激).{{U}} (48) {{/U}} The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized(不能动) by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. {{U}} (50) {{/U}} This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true. A. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. B. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. C. While prey are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. D. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability(易受伤), the function of sleep is to decrease it? E. It may extend back as far as the reptiles(爬行类动物). F. Human being is likely to dream.

填空题A. many vaccinesB. prevent diseasesC. health educationD. healthy behaviorE. change unhealthy behaviorF. other health services.

填空题Air Transportation 1. Airplanes are used to carry passengers, cargo and mail. Air transport companies operate scheduled airlines and non-scheduled services over local, regional, national, and international routes. The aircraft operated by these companies range from small single-engine planes to large multiengine jet transports. 2. The first air passenger services began in 1910,when dirigibles began operation between several German cities. The first scheduled airplane service to carry passengers began in the U.S. in 1914. Several experimental airmail flights took place in India. Europe,and the United States before World War I,but air transport services did not become a true business until after the war. 3. During World War Two,intercontinental air transport became firmly established. After the war the new long-distance transports with advanced facilities were increasingly able to avoid storms and strong wind and make flights more economical and consistent. A new generation of "jumbo-jet" transports began operations in 1970,and the supersonic transport entered passenger service in 1976. 4. During the 1970s the number of domestic passengers on U. S. airlines increased about 78% ,and during the 1980s the figure was up about 58%. In 1990 there were 41.8 million international passengers,the figure was a 75% increase over 1980. The total cargo flown by U. S. airlines almost doubled during the 1980s,from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion ton-miles in 1990. 5. Major airports provide a wide range of facilities for the convenience of millions of travellers. These range from such basic services as ticket-sales counters and restaurants to luxury hotels,shopping centres and play areas for children. International airports must also have customs areas and currency-exchange counters and so on.A. Airport servicesB. Training of pilotsC. Beginning periodD. Rapid growth in the U. S.E. DevelopmentF. Competition

填空题A. The future of EnglishB. The speed of the spread of EnglishC. The role played by culture and the netD. The role played by military expansionE. The role played by educationF. The 2,000 years of English

填空题American Dreams There is a common response to America among foreign writers: the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliche(陈词滥调). In the land of black and white, people should not be too surprised to find some of the biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dream offers a way out to everyone. 1 No class system or government stands in the way. Sadly, this old argument is no longer true. Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened. 2 Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent. For the top 1 per cent, however, it has gone up 200 percent. Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth. 3 Inequalities have grown worse in different regions. In California, incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969. 4 This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans. The wealthiest 1 per cent of households now control a third of the national wealth. There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty. At 12.7 per cent of the population, it is the highest percentage in the developed world. Yet the tax burden on America"s rich is falling, not growing. 5 There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole. But clearly that theory has not worked in reality. A. Nobody is poor in the US. B. The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980. C. For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent. D. Now it is 9.8 times. E. As it does so, the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller. F. All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.

填空题The Paper Chase 1. "Running a house is a lot like running a business, " says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips: 2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work, whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room. 3. When in doubt, throw it out. The first step for implementing a workable filing system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read. 4. Set aside two days a month to pay bills. If a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date. Keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills — one to correspond with each bill-paying day — and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaced. 5. Think of your filing system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filing system is both mentally and physically flexible. Everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filing system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this? " Create main headings for your filing system, such as Investments,