填空题People who live in different places may belong to ______.

填空题 Lowering the Risk of Heart Disease Like millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a history of heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. (46) I grew up with heart disease. It was there, but I didn't take it seriously. When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol (胆因醇) level was measured for the first time. It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me -- an extremely high level that put me at a very high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. He sent me to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to be screened for participation in a clinical trial. (47) . At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level and the nature of the experiment. This test involves putting a tube through a leg artery (动脉) up to the heart. (48) . Learning about the risks of the experiment as well as the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol level scared the life out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life. For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol. (49) But equally important, I got a taste of what it is like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick. This was hard to take. This experience taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. And with my family history, it could not be ignored. (50) .A The death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured. B Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what I ate.C I was three years old at that time.D There is net enough oxygen in the blood.E It was a heart attack just waiting to happen.F The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease.

填空题A. must be very boringB. some kind of recreationC. participating in themD. to relax oneselfE. to choose one's own way of relaxingF. Good physical and mental health

填空题After they have driven for a year, young California drivers can get a full driving licence if they have no record of ______.

填空题Screen Test 1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women"s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain"s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help "optimize the technique" for breast cancer screening. 7. "There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That"s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme."

填空题Organ Donation and Transplantation Organ donation (捐献) and transplantation (移植) refers to the process by which organs or tissues from one person are put into another person"s body. The number of people needing a transplant continues to rise faster than the number of donors. About 3,700 transplant candidates are added to the national waiting list each month Each day, about 77 people receive organ transplants. However, about 18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can"t take place because of the shortage of donated organs. There are no age limits on who can be an organ donor. Newborns as well as senior citizens have been organ donors. If you are younger than 18, you must have a parent"s or guardian"s consent (同意). If you are 18 years or older, you can show you want to be an organ and tissue donor by signing a donor card. Many people think that if they agree to donate their organs, the doctor or the emergency room staff won"t work as hard to save their life. This is not true. The transplant team is completely separate from the medical staff working to save your life. The transplant team does not become involved with you until doctors have determined that all possible efforts to save your life have failed. If you need an organ transplant, your doctor will help you get on the national waiting list. Your name will become part of a pool of names. When an organ donor becomes available, all the patients in the pool are compared to the donor. Factors such as blood and tissue type, size of the organ, medical urgency (紧急) of the patient"s illness, time already spent on the waiting list, and distance between donor and recipient (接受者) are considered.

填空题Friendly Relations the People Around You depend on all the people closely around you to give you the warm feeling of belongingness (归属) that you must have to feel secure. But, in fact, the members of all the groups to which you belong also depend on you to give that feeling to them, a person who shows that he wants everything for himself is bound (一定的) to be a lonely wolf. The need for companionship is closely related to the need for a sense of belongingness. How sad and lonely your life would be if you had no one to share your feelings and experiences. You may take it for granted that there always will be people around to talk to and to do things with you and for you. The important point, however, is that keeping emotionally healthy does not depend so much on having people around you as upon your ability to establish relationships that are satisfying both to you and to them. Suppose you are in a crowd watching a football game. You don"t know them. When the game is over, you will go your separate ways. But just for a while you had a feeling of companionship, of sharing the feeling of others who were cheering for the team you wanted to win. An experience of this kind gives the clue (线索) to what companionship really is. It depends upon emotional ties of sympathy, understanding, trust, and affection. Companionships become friends when these ties are formed. When you are thrown in a new circle of acquaintance (熟人), you may not know with whom you will make friends, but you can be sure that you will be able to establish friendships if you show that you really like people.

填空题Parkinson's Disease 1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson's, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to. 2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited. 3 Tremor may be the first symptom you notice. It is one of the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. More importantly, not everyone with a tremor has Parkinson's disease. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation. In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble speaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills (dementia). 4 At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.A. Tips for Patients with the DiseaseB. Common Treatment for the DiseaseC. Means of Diagnosis of the DiseaseD. Typical Symptoms of the DiseaseE. Possible Causes of the DiseaseF. Definition of Parkinson's Disease

填空题US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 1. The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions. 2. The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly, including the United States, last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies. 3. For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4. The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5. The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far, 109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.

填空题Cancer Cancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body"s basic building blocks. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. The extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Benign (良性的) tumors are not cancer. They can often be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Malignant (恶性的) tumors are cancer. Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order. Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer. Many gene changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or exposure to carcinogens (致癌物) in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherited. Cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (化疗), hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods, depending on the type and location of the cancer, whether the disease has spread, the patient"s age and general health, and other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues, it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options, weighing the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects. Having cancer does not always mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer, the extent of the disease, and the patient"s tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones, organs, or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However, pain can generally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs recommended by the doctor.

填空题Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression New research by German scientists shows that author Charles Dickens was onto a good thing when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. The author of Oliver Twist and David Copperfield would walk for hours in the 1860s as an antidote to intense feelings of sadness which alternated with restless euphoria. (1) Aerobic exercise like rapid walking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported the scientists led by Dr. Fernando Dimeo. (2) The team found that in 10 of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. The team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day. (3) The intensity of the training programme was stepped up as the heart rate adapted. A measurement of depression severity was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period. The researchers in Berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt "substantially less depressed". (4) Two were slightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged. Depression levels overall fell by a third and on the self-assessed scores by 25 per cent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. The study was small but the extent of the improvement was said by scientists to be impressive. (5) Nineteenth century doctors would have called Dickens's condition melancholia since the psychological condition of depression was unknown. Dickens biographer Peter Ackroyd says the author's son Charles remembers his father's "heavy moods of deep depression" and many times of "intense nervous irritability" , something modern psychologists would certainly recognize. A. The number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment. B. Long and brisk walks are not necessarily beneficial to every person. C. They studied 12 people with severe depression that had lasted an average of nine months. D. The outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said. E. This is also the advice that experts from the Free University in Berlin are giving today. F. According to the regime, intense activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Priscilla Ouchida's "energy-efficient" house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a ＄ 100 000 three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-parted (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. Priscilla's eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. {{U}} (48) {{/U}}. The level of formaldehyde(甲醛)gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting. The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation's drive to save energy.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. "The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along," says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. "Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases." The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn't worry much about unsealed cracks.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels. A. The problem itself isn't new. B. Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. C. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. D. They spent a lot of money on decorating the house. E. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor about once an hour. F. It was as tough she had suddenly developed a strange illness.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Trade Unions{{/B}}1 Some scholars have associated trade unions with the medieval craft guilds(中世纪的行会), but there are important differences between the two. The guild members were master craftsmen who owned capital and often employed workers. Unions are known as associations of workers with similar skills.2 In the past, individual workers had no control over the conditions of their working lives; political and economic power was concentrated in the hands of wealthy business owners. Workers found, however, that there was strength in uniting. From their earliest years, union objectives have been higher wages and improved working conditions.3 Employers resisted, of course. They made great efforts to stop union organizing its activities. Union members were fired, workers were forced to sign contracts in which they promised not to join a union, and companies hired strikebreakers (罢工破坏者) and even gunmen to frighten organizers.4 One of the earliest successful labor organizations in the United States was the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869. The Knights, which included both skilled and unskilled workers, attempted to organize all workers into one great union. After it successfully struck the Wabash railroad owned by Jay Gould in 1885, its popularity and power grew dramatically. In 1886 the Knights had 700,000 members.5 The decline of the Knights of Labor, however, came quickly. The strike against Gould was gradually broken, and the Knights' radical positions on social issues cost them public support. In the end, a lack of unity as well as the rapid inflow of unskilled immigrants weakened the union's economic power, and the organization came to an end.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} Looking to the Future{{/B}} When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said: Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would "radiate light" and "change color with the push of a button". Food would be replaced by pills.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000?{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}But can they? One expert on cities wrote: cities of the future would not be crowded, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in "airbuses", large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents "almost unheard of". Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957, his subject was "The city of 1982". If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it's probably because future study is still a new field. But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, has been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}In October of that year, the stock market had its worst losses ever, mining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers. {{U}} (5) {{/U}}In 1957, H. J. Rand of the Rad Corporation was asked about the year 2000, "Only one thing is certain," he answered. "Children will have reached the age of 43." A. By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. B. School would be taught "by electrical impulse while we sleep." C. One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. D. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. E. Everyone may look to the future for it is always promising. F. Actually, the article was written in 1958 and the question was, "what will life be like in 19787"

填空题A. if we can drive yield up B. when Mexico, China and India join in the project C. if we want to fight against malnutrition and poverty D. when we use modern technologies and develop new ones E. when the developed world help the developing world F. when strategic research can be utilized worldwide

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Vision Human vision like that of other primates(灵长类) has evolved in an arboreal(丛林) environment. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} In the course of evolution, members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the nose has shrunk. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}Of mammals(哺乳动物) only humans and some primates enjoy color vision. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} Horses live in a single-color world. Light visible to human eyes, however, occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electro magnetic spectrum(光谱). Ultraviolet rays(紫外线)are invisible to humans though ants and honey bees are sensitive to them. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} The world would look terribly different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation(红外线). Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadow less world. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by complicated technical devices. A. Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays. B. In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well than to de velop an acute sense of smell. C. That gives the eye a wilder view. D. The red flag is black to the bull. E. There are different mammals in tropical forest. F. In this world, objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity.

填空题Surgery Involving the Heart 1. The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator) is a valuable addition to the modem operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done. There are several types of machines in use, all of which serve as a temporary substitute for the patient's heart and lungs. 2. The machine siphons off the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also "defoamed" to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above. 3. Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves made of plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron or other synthetic material have also been successfully used. 4. Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves. However, research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipient's antibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的位置上。 {{B}} Caring for the Old{{/B}} The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of life's responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge, they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enjoyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of us well into our later years. Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts and feelings, and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict us in earlier life fall away. But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any other time in adult life, and the gap between need and care is often filled by dubious measures, such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old as with the young. It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature, a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts, sometimes from a premonition of death or the fear of becoming dependent. Dependency is a grim choice: insecurity and deprivation must be weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child, there should be nothing shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources. The complexity and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments, which have the means to provide help, are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today, on the other hand, will have had many decades to interact with "the system" by the time they reach old age. Many of us, including healthcare providers, assume that we know what old people and dying people want, but our assumptions are often a reflections of our won thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming we "know" what they want, we observe ourselves from being with them, and sharing their thoughts about the end of life. We sometimes assume, wrongly, that old people are too confused or senile to be aware of the nearness of death. In consequence, communication between a dying and others is subject to extraordinary omissions and distortions. "Protecting" the dying from knowledge of their condition often serves to protect us from the uncomfortable prospect of talking about dying and death. Evasions like this only lead to increasing isolation at a time when emotional honesty and understanding are most needed.

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}The Value of Motherhood{{/B}} In shopping malls, the assistants try. to push you into buying "a gift to thank her for her unselfish love". When you log onto(登录的)website, a small pop-up(弹出式菜单) invites you to book a bouquet(花束) for her. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood. The popularity of Mother's Day around the world suggests that Jarvis got all she wanted. In fact, she got more —enough to make her horrified. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the No.1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother's Day. One protest against the commercialization(商品化) Mother's Day even got her arrested—for disturbing the peace, interestingly. {{U}} (48) {{/U}}As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian, observe, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's right." But in the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better. In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desire. So they work hard and play hard.{{U}} (49) {{/U}} {{U}} (50) {{/U}}According to The Guardian; there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives. So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated; "It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people." A. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May. B. But what's mote, commercialism changes young people's 'attitude towards motherhood. C. Obviously, the best girl will be a phone call or a visit. D. According to a research by the US card company Hallmark, 96 percent of American consumers celebrate the holiday. E. As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status since the 1950s. F. Becoming a mother, however, inevitably handicaps career anticipation.

填空题 Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists 1 For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud simply declared it to be neurotic. 2 Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words, optimists live longer. 3 That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the US State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them. 4 Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic"—were enough to boost a person's chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania. 5 The study does not say why pessimists die. But an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation. 6 The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts, tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly. 7 There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same. 8 Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. "Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light," said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor. 9 German science journal Bild der Wissenschaft, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on "the right attitude" to having a tumor. 10 It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely. 11 Doctors like, however, to point to the example of US cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakeable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France. 12 The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh: 420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold. 13 The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends, neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.