单选题{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} {{B}} High Stress May Damage Memory{{/B}} According to a report issued in May 1998, elderly people who have consistently high blood Ievels of cortisol don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more. high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus, a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory. The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal, "healthy" range can actually accelerate brain aging. The study results "now provide substantial evidenee that long -- term exposure to adrenal stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans," write Nada Porter and Philip Land field of the University of Kentucky in Lexington in their editorial. Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys. Over a 5 to 6-year period, Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers, most of Whom were in their 70s. Despite wide variation in cortisol levels, the participants could be divided into three Subgroups: those whose corfiso] progressively increased over time and was currently high (increasing/high): those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently moderate (increasing/moderate); and subjects whose cortisol decreased, but was currently moderate (decreasing/moderate). The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group. The groups did not differ on tests of immediate memory, but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group. The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/ high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions. The results suggest that "...brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging," write Porter and Landfield. "This further suggests that chronicstress may accelerate the worsening of hippocampus．" cortisol n．皮质醇，考的索，氢化可的松 peer n．同等地位的人，同辈，同事，同龄人 hippocampus n．海马 adrenal adj．肾上腺的；肾上的 pathological adj．病态的；疾病的，由疾病引起的；病理学的，病理的 gland n．腺 progressively adv．逐渐地，累积地，循序渐进地

单选题The latest census is encouraging.

单选题I enjoyed the play—it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues.

单选题We cannot permit such conduct .

单选题Problems of Anxiety Training as mental-health professionals is supposed to be "color blind". That sounds fine but in practice it means that people from black and ethnic groups get an unfair treatment because their particular problems are seldom acknowledged. So a project was piloted involving Bangladeshi women in inner-city London, most of whom migrated to the U.K. in the 1960s and 1970s from a rural background. Many of these women turned to their doctors with common symptoms of anxiety, such as headaches, sleeping difficulties, loss of appetite and lack of energy. They were usually prescribed tranquillizers or even Vitamin C. Since the underlying causes remained, the women visited their doctors with increasing frequency and some were referred on to mental-health professionals. The psychologists wanted to see how normal Western approaches to anxiety problems might work when applied across cultures. However, they found that many things in the standard approach had to be changed. They had to translate many of the usual examples they would normally compare learning to relax with learning to drive, for instance, which would not have been culturally appropriate. At first they asked the women to rate, on a scale one to ten, the effect of relaxation on their level of anxiety. They found numbers an odd way of expressing how they were feeling. So psychologists shifted their focus to words and talked of five stages form "very good" to "very bad". As it was a pilot project, there were shortcomings. Psychologists looked for too little back-up and did not collect as much objective data as they might have done with a white group. They fell into the white stereotype of assuming that Bangladeshi women would find the use of various checklists and written records foreign. Perhaps racism has conditioned the professionals to a greater extent than they expected. Psychologists found that using a Western model across cultures has potential. But it needs political, financial and personal commitment.

单选题The police {{U}}contended{{/U}} that the difficulties they faced were too severe. A.argued B.predicted C.said D.suggested

单选题In recent years people have become interested in purchasing gemstones for investment.A. works of artsB. rural landC. housesD. jewels

单选题{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} Malnutrition (营养不良) A new World Bank report warns that children who don't get enough good food in the first two years of life suffer lasting damage. They may be underdeveloped or underweight. They may suffer from poor health or limited intelligence. In addition, poorly nourished children are more likely to drop out of school and earn less money as adults. The report notes that too little food is not the only cause of poor nutrition. Many children who live in homes with plenty of foods utter for other reasons. For example, the study says that mothers often fail to give their newly born babies their first breast milk. This milk-like substance is called colostrum. It is full of nutrients that improve a baby's ability to fight infections and disease. The study also links malnutrition to economic growth in poor countries. A lack of nutrition in early children can cost developing nations up to three percent of their yearly earnings. Many of these same countries have economies that are growing at a rate of two or three percent yearly. The study suggests that poor countries could possibly double their economic growth if they improved nutrition. Africa and South Asia are affected the most by poor nutrition. The study says about half of all children in India do not get enough good food. The World Bank study also notes that rates of malnutrition in South Asia are almost double those in central and southern Africa. Other parts of world are also severely affected, including Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Guatemala and Peru. The study recommends that developing countries change their policies to deal with malnutrition. Instead of directly providing food, the study suggests educational programs in health care. World Bank nutrition specialist Meera Shekar said the period of life between pregnancy and two years was extremely important. Governments with limited resources should take direct action to improve nutrition for children during this period.

单选题He could not tolerate the extremes of heat in the desert.

单选题Man cannot Uexist/U without water.

单选题His long-term goal is to set up his own business.A. ideaB. energyC. orderD. aim

单选题He offered me a glass of wine.A. soldB. gaveC. providedD. bought

单选题Jean has {{U}}made up her mind{{/U}} not to go to the meeting

单选题A red flag was placed there as a {{U}}token{{/U}} of danger.

单选题The staffs of the company are always courteous and helpful.

单选题 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文内容回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} {{B}} Giving Up Smoking{{/B}} A number of devices are available to help a person quit smoking. Nicotine (尼古丁) patches axe small, nicotine-containing adhesive (黏着性的) discs applied to the skin. The nicotine is slowly absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream. Over time, the nicotine dose is reduced and eventually the desire for nicotine is eased. Nicotine gum works in a similar manner, providing small doses of nicotine when chewed. The benefits of giving up smoking include the immediate reduction of harm to the health of the smoking and easily admission to social activities and institutions that ban smoking. In a 1988 report, the US Surgeon General declared cigarette smoking to be more harmful and expensive than the use of cocaine (可卡因), alcohol, or heroin. Recent evidence supports this claim. The United States government has collected a special tax on cigarettes for several decades. The rate rose from 8 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes in 1951 to 24 cents per pack in 1993. In other developed countries, the cigarette tax rate is much higher, ranging from 50 percent in Switzerland to 85 percent in Denmark. In the United States, the first direct action to check smoking was the regulation of a warming on cigarette packages by the Federal Trade Commission. This warning took effect in 1964 and was strengthened in 1969 to read: "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health." In 1971 all cigarette advertising was banned from radio and television, and cities and states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces.

单选题Professor Baker is a {{U}}co-worker{{/U}} of Professor Ayers.

单选题A research center has been Uset up/U in this country.

单选题He began his talk by giving a concise definition of post-modernism.

单选题New York is rated second in the production of 850,000,000 dollars this year.