单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}} Pushbike Peril{{/B}} Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure—or even kill—children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars (车把). So a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer. Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal (腹部的) injuries in children in the past 30 years showed that more than a third were ca,used by bicycle accidents. "The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures (对策)", she says. By interviewing the Children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct (重建;重构) many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injures. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed, causing them to topple over. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars, through 90 degrees — but their momentum (冲力) forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen. The solution the group came up with is a handgrip(握柄) fitted with a spring and damping (制动的;减速的,缓冲的) system. The spring absorbs up to 50 percent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The group hopes to commercialize (使商品化) the device, which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. "But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturer were unaware of the problem," says Arbogast. The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade man-ufacturers to adopt the new design. A decision is expected later this year.

单选题He flew into a {{U}}fury{{/U}} when I said I couldn't help him any more.

单选题Freezing to Death for Beauty People in Beijing wear a lot of clothing during winter to fend (抵御) off the cold. In the United States, however, people wear 1 , partly because the car is the primary mode of transportation. Cars take 2 straight to their workplaces, which are heated well. The American diet is full of calories, so the 3 can afford to burn heat more quickly. Fewer layers of clothing give people the opportunity to stay 4 . Lots of Yale girls wear skirts 5 when it"s 10 degrees Centigrade (摄氏温度) outside. Some of them at least wear boots, tights, and leg-warmers. Some, however, really just go for the look 6 the risk of health. These girls have nothing to prevent their legs 7 the wind, and no socks to protect their feet. A mini skirt and a pair of stilettos (高跟鞋) are all that they wear. Typically, the ones pursuing fashion are 8 with little body fat. Just by the nature of their bodies, they are already at a disadvantage compared with normal people in 9 weather. I have always 10 , whenever I pass these girls, how they manage to refrain from shivering and just smile like spring had arrived. And then there are the guys. The girls can be said to 11 health for beauty. But why do guys 12 so little? It is not like, once they shed (脱掉) some layers, they suddenly become better-looking. They are not exactly being fashionable when they 13 wear sporty (花哨的) shorts and shower slippers in the midst of winter. It"s not cute. Of course, people have the freedom to look whatever 14 they want. I am just surprised that, given the vast difference between winter and summer temperatures in Connecticut, they can still 15 like they are partying on the beach in the middle of February.

单选题A Sound Sleep for Good Memory Before a big exam, a sound night"s sleep will do you more good than poring over text-books. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then "edited" at night, to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgian has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern—what is referred to as "artificial grammar". Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more, those with more to learn (i.e., the "grammar", as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The "editing" theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

单选题Saving Money Where you save your money often depends on what you are saving for. If you are saving to buy a CD (光盘) or to go to a concert, then probably you would keep your money somewhere in your room. If you are saving for a big purchase like a mountain bike or a schooltrip, where would you save your money? One place to save money is the bank. Putting your money in a savings account will help your money earn more money, If you put your money in a piggy bank (猪形储蓄罐), one year later you"ll still have the same amount of money you put in. If you put your money in a savings account, one year later, you"ll have more money than you put in. Why? When you keep your money in a bank, your money earns interest. Interest is an amount of money a bank pays you to use your money. The bank uses your money (and the money of other people, too) to loan money to people and businesses. The bank will send you a statement several times a year. A bank statement tells you how much money you have in your account. It also tells you how much interest you have earned. If you leave your money in the bank, you can watch it grow! Another way you can save money is to buy a certificate of deposit or CD. If you have some money that you don"t need to use for a long time, this is a good way to make your money grow. You can buy a CD at a bank. You agree not to use the money for a certain period of time. That period might be from six months to five years. You can"t touch your money during that time. If you do, you must pay a penalty, or fee.

单选题Although originally a German innovation, kindergarten got its real start in the United States as a movement to provide an improved learning environment for children. A. an easy B. a playful C. an open D. a better

单选题According to the writer, the secret to perfect memory

单选题FDA: Human, Animal Waste Threatens Produce The biggest food safety risk for fresh fruits and vegetables as they are grown, picked or processed comes from human and animal waste, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said Friday. More than 9,000 Americans die each year from food-borne diseases and some scientists believe fresh produce is the biggest carrier of contamination. The FDA issued a set of draft guidelines for US and foreign growers to carefully monitor worker hygiene, water quality, manure management and transportation. This 34-page draft guidelines urged growers to give workers lessons on basic hygiene such as using soap to wash their hands, covering wounds that could come into contact with produce, and using only clean toilets. The FDA guidelines identified "the major source of contamination" for fresh produce as human or animal feces. "We think just proper controls and proper attention to detail would make a big difference in food safety, " said an FDA official. "It is our belief that these guidelines would not be very costly. " But grower groups disagreed with the FDA's assessment. "Most food-borne disease outbreaks that happen further down the distribution line are due to contamination because people preparing food are not properly washing their hands, " said Stacey Zawal, an official with United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association. "That is not necessarily true for growers and packers. " Some US grower organizations have expressed concern that the agency is interfering with on farm practices. Others object to the FDA's proposal to have growers formally document the picking, handling and transportation of produce so that health officials could quickly recall foods if necessary. Consumer groups criticized the FDA guidelines as of little use because they will not carry the force of law. But stricter regulations could evolve as researchers find new technology or methods to kill harmful bacteria or parasites, the FDA said. The FDA recommendations are due to be made final by the FDA later this year for use by US and foreign growers. The matter of encouraging foreign growers to adopt the guidelines remains somewhat tricky but FDA officials say it is vital because of the huge amount of imported produce.

单选题Mary looked pale and weary.A. illB. tiredC. worriedD. peaceful

单选题The Ideal Husband Science now might be able to explain women's fascination with Brad Pitt's face and George Clooney's eyes. Women seem to (51) potential mate by how masculine their features are, new research shows. Men with square jaws and well-defined brow ridges are seen as good short-term partners, (52) those with more feminine traits such as a rounder face and fuller lips are perceived as better long-term mates. In the study by Daniel Kruger at the US's University of Michigan, 854 subjects viewed a series of (53) head shots that had been digitally changed to exaggerate or minimize masculine traits. They then (54) questions about how they expected the men in the photos to behave. Most participants said that those with more masculine features were (55) to be risky, competitive, and more apt to fight, challenge bosses, cheat on spouses and put less effort into parenting. Those with more feminine (56) were seen as good parents and husbands, hard workers and emotionally supportive mates. But, despite all the negative characteristics, when asked who they would choose for a short-term relationship, women selected the more masculine (57) men. Brad and George, both chiseled jaws and well-defined brows, then would be good for a (58) romance, not for something longer. The study was published in the December issue of the US journal Personal Relationships. Kruger said that from an evolutionary perspective, this (59) sense. The key is testosterone, the hormone responsible (60) the development of masculine facial features and other sexual characteristics. It has been found to affect the body's ability to fight disease: men with high levels of the hormone are typically (61) and healthy- traits women want to pass on to their children. However, increased testosterone has also been linked to (62) and violence in relationships. So, these men (63) produce high quality offspring, but they don't always make great parents or faithful mates, Kruger says. The scientific community have (64) skepticism toward physiognomy, which links facial characteristics to certain behavioral traits. But Kruger argues that the research is a valuable tool for understanding mating strategies. And, of course, for explaining why Tony Leung and Takeshi Kanesshiro have millions of female (65) . It might have to do with their genes. Or something to do with ours.

单选题People with less education suffer fewer stressful days, according to a report in the current issue of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior. However, the study also found that when less - educated people did suffer stress it was more severe and had a larger impact on their health. People with less education suffer more stressful days than people with more education.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned

单选题Paul was ordered to pay Clara $600 because

单选题Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest is an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill. The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a "positive emotional style" can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose. "People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus," explained lead study author Dr. Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. "And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe." Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect. For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional "style". Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style. The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.

单选题Human facial expression differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be deliberately controlled and modified. A. sufficiently B. noticeably C. intentionally D. absolutely

单选题Some species of birds are Uhighly/U sociable and nest in dense colonies.

单选题Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症） 1 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the patient's immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system. This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms, as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain. However, the human body, being a flexible, adaptable system, can compensate for some level of damage, so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present. 2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease: the relapsing form （复发型）and the primary progressive form. In the relapsing form, the disease progresses in a series of jumps; at times it is in remission（减轻）.which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active. This is the most common form of MS; 80-90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years. Eventually, however, Ioss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent. 3 In the primary progressive form of MS, there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10-15% of sufferers at diagnosis. 4 The expected course of the disease, or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables: the subtype of the disease, the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms. Life expectancy of patients, however, is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person - provided that a reasonable standard of care is received. In some cases a near-normal life span is possible. 5 The cause of the disease is unclear; it seems that some people have a genetic Susceptibility（易感性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men; however, it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people. 23. Paragraph 1______ 24. Paragraph 2 ______ 25. Paragraph 3______ 26. Paragraph 4______ A. The cause of MS B. The relapsing form of MS C. The treatment for MS D. The primary progressive form of MS E. The definition of MS F. The development of MS 27. MS affects the communication of nerve cells between the body and ______ 28. An MS patient can feel fine for years without being affected much by ______ 29. 10-15% of MS patients are diagnosed as having _____ 30. Young adults might have a higher chance of developing the disease than ______ A. relatives of MS patients B. the elderly people C. the disease D. the progressive form E. the brain F. life expectancy

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}} Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost{{/B}} Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune system, especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS) not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged. The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body. The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising. In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. "The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch," said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat. Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain. Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch, such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, grains, green bananas, pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch -- starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Immunology expert Lena Ohman's team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden. The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of the SCI.

单选题Not all member states abided by the principle they had agreed on previously.

单选题They only have a limited amount of time to get their points across.

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}}Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost{{/B}} Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune System, especially when they come in the form 0f a potato salad or eaten Cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS) not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged. The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body. The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising. In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. "The use of :raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch," said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , Spain. Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch, such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, grains, green bananas, pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch -- starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted in- to the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Immunology expert Lena Ohman's team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden. The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of the SCI.