阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 7We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make areabout money, but most mistakes are about people. “DidJerry really care when I broke up with Helen?” “When Igot that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, asa friend? Or did he envy my luck?” “And Paul—whydidn’ t I pick up that he was friendly just because I hada car?” When we look back, doubts like these can make usfeel bad. But when we look back, it’ s too late.Why do we go wrong about our friends — or our enemies?Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And ifwe don’ t really listen, we miss the feeling behind thewords. Suppose someone tells you, “You’ re a lucky dog. ”Is he really on your side? If he says, “You’ re a luckyguy” or “You’ re a lucky gal, ” that’ s being friendly.But “lucky dog” ? There’ s a bit of envy in those words.Maybe he doesn’ t see it himself. But bringing in the“dog” bit puts you down a little. What he may be sayingis that he doesn’ t think you deserve your luck.“Just think of all the things you have to be thankfulfor” is another noise that says one thing and meansanother. It could mean that the speaker is trying to getyou to see your problem as part of your life as a whole.But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought thatyour problem isn’ t important. It’ s telling you to thinkof all the starving people in the world when you haven’ tgot a date for Saturday night.How can you tell the real meaning behind someone’ s words?One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Dohis words fit the way he looks? Does what he says squarewith the tone of voice? His posture? The look in his eyes?Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about thereal meaning of what people say to you may save anothermistake.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 4For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturinginto the unknown for reasons that were to varying degreeseconomic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look forbetter trade routes to the Orient and to promote thegreater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into theAmerican wilderness to find out what the U. S. had acquiredwhen it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronautsrocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technologicalmuscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved allaccomplished some significant science simply by goingwhere no scientists had gone before.Today Mars loomsas humanity’ s next great terra incognita.And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financialreturn, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amida growing emphasis on international cooperation in largespace ventures, it is clear that imperatives other thanprofits or nationalism will have to compel human beings toleave their tracks on the planet’ s reddish surface. Couldit be that science, which has long played a minor role inexploration, is at last destined to take a leading role?The question naturally invites a couple of others: Arethere experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Couldthose experiments provide insights profound enough tojustify the expense of sending people acrossinterplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher thanthey have ever been. The issue of whether life everexisted on the planet, and whether it persists to thisday, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that theRed Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and bythe continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterialfossils rode to Earth on a meteoritefrom valuable dataabout the range of conditions under which a planet cangenerate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If itcould be established that life arose independently on Marsand Earth, the finding would provide the first concreteclues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science:the prevalence of life in the universe.

阅读理解These days, anthropologists get remarkably nervous when they discuss culture—which is surprising, on the free of it, since the anthropology of culture is something of a success story. While other venerable concepts have mostly faded out of the social science discourse, even a postmodernist can talk unselfconsciously about culture. Indeed, culture is now more fashionable than ever. Other disciplines have taker it up, and a new specialty, cultural studies, is devoted entirely to it.【】Until very recently, there was also a high level of consensus on the subject. Even today a list of hypotheses about culture could be drawn up which most anthropologists would happily check off. First of all, culture is not a matter of race. It is learned, not carried in our genes. Second, this common human culture has advanced. We are talking here of the very long term, and progress has no doubt been uneven and liable to setbacks, but irreversible technical advances have been logged at an accelerating tempo. Technical progress can be measured, and its effects traced in the spread and growth of the human population, as well as in the development of increasingly large-scale and complex social systems. This point may be more grudgingly conceded, and only with qualification that what some might welcome as a new dawn may be a catastrophe for others. Third, there is general agreement about what culture involves in the sense in which most American cultural anthropologists have used the term, writing about Kwakiutl culture, or even American culture, rather than a global civilization. Culture is here essentially a matter of ideas and values, a collective cast of mind. The ideas and values, the cosmology, morality, and aesthetics, are expressed in symbols, and so—if the medium is the message —culture could be described as a symbolic system. American anthropologist; also tend to emphasize that these symbols, ideas, and values appear in an almost infinitely variable range of forms. At one level, this is an empirical proposition. However, a thoroughgoing philosophical relativism is often adduced from the observation that not only customs but also values are culturally variables. It seems to follow that there are no generally valid standards by which cultural principles and practices can be judged, it is this conception of culture which has become common currency, and not only in America. The anthropologists naturally welcomed the popularization of their ideas, which, they believe, could only foster greater tolerance, but they still expected to be acknowledged as the academic experts on the subject. However, although everyone is now talking about culture, they do not look to the anthropologists for guidance. This can be hard to take. “Anthropologists have been doing a lot of complaining that they are being ignored by the new academic specializations in culture, such as cultural studies, and by both academic and extra-academic manifestations of ‘ multiculturalism’ . Write the anthropologist Terence Turner, “Most of us have been sitting around like so many disconsolate intellectual wallflowers, waiting to be asked to impart our higher wisdom, and more than a little resentful that the invitations never come. ”

阅读理解Read the following passages carefully and choose one best answer for each question in passage 1, 2 and 3, and answer the questions in passage 4 based on your understanding of the passage.(3) Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money” , the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons. For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive) , in so far as society does not insist upon the couple’ s equal social status a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health temperament, internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare. The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only right and proper thing. Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.

阅读理解Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage BA cold wind soothed the faces of the sweaty men huddled on the muddy field. The team stared at the goat line and focus on game-ending, season-defining play in front of them. Dusty air fitted their lungs with each deep heave they mustered.For almost two hours the men had battled their opponents on the barren football field. Joe, the center, could see the coach describing the play to a younger player. He was one of the grunts, a lineman, big and tall and eager to push open gaps for the backs. The underclassman’ s labored jog back to the huddle mirrored every man’ s fatigue.The quarterback confirmed the play and articulated it to his team. Joe saw his mouth move but could not hear the words; nonetheless, he knew his blocking assignment. The hiss of the crowd muffled all sound on the field. Suddenly, Joe picked a voice out of the din, and turned his attention to his good friend Mark. “This is it guys, ” Mark was yelling. “We’ ve been practicing for four months this season and for three more years before that. It’ s time we score and take home a win. Let’ s get it done! ” They all clasped hands to break the huddle and returned to their individual concentration.Time seemed to drag as the team marched back to the line of scrimmage. Joe glared at his opponents, pleased by the heavy clouds of vapor billowing from their mouths. Exhaustion was written on their faces and in their twitchy movements on the line. He turned his head toward the place in which he wanted to force a gap, then to the defensive end who stood fast which his hands on his knees, gaze fixed on the ground. Joe smiled inwardly: he knew his team had beaten the other with physical play and superior endurance. Time froze as he prepared to snap the ball.Joe leaned over carefully and clutched the moist leather ball. His teammates cautiously took their places right and left, lining up as in countless practice drills, in perfect order. Like clockwork, too, was each man’ s thorough examination of the opposing force, scanning back and forth for a gap or a weak player, feeling the opponents’ stares in return. Joe felt the quarterback crouch behind him. The passer’ s booming voice still did not register with Joe, but instinct told him what he needed to know. Three staccato hikes later, he snapped 45 the ball with speed and hurled himself towards the first defender.Joe felt the crunch of pads and brought his forearm under the other man’ s shoulder pads. Lifting with his arms and legs, he threw the lesser player onto his back. The meager lineman lay stunned for a moment, which greatly amused Joe, assuming the two yards he had sent his man back was more than enough to free the rusher to enter the end zone. This lucid moment lasted but a split second before Joe again lunged toward an upright opponent.Joe turned abruptly at the sound of a whistle and strained to find the scoring rusher. Something was wrong. Joe’ s teammates stood stunned, staring at the pile of defensive players who had fallen on their 60 running back. Referees began pulling men off the heap. With only a few men left on the ground, Joe could see the ball still in the backfield, and in the arms of an opponent. He heard his coach from the sideline: “Fumble? Are you kidding me? I can’ t believe you guys! ”His men had turned over possession of the hall, and time ran out on the game. “We had them beat, you know, ” Mark hissed to Joe as they walked slowly off the field. “They were dead tired. We should have 70 won the game. ” Their one chance was gone and now they had to endure the other team’ s celebration on the field. Joe’ s team never liked losing, but having come so close to a victory that day meant their last-minute defeat would, be especially disappointing.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 7In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumo to Takagi, called each victim’ s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sold sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post.These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology, ” may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair.The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees, Japanese executives delegate only authority— the responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management, the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable, even in an independently run subsidiary. ”Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame “almost a feudal way of purging the community of dishonor, ” and to some in the United States, such resignations look cowardly. However, in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility, many US managers would probably welcome an infusion of the Japanese sense of responsibility. If, for instance, US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts, negotiations would probably take on a very different character.

阅读理解Cooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travelers scratching their heads over what’ s going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travelers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there’ s no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, One world and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travelers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans.By the end of the year, one world and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years.But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let’ s just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region- wide economic downturn that began two years ago-just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and code-sharing-the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft.So alliances are terrific for airlines but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP (frequent flyer program) benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there’ s the promise of “seamless” travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific’ s director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. “It’ s fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We’ re working on this. ” Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers: “Global travelers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries. ” Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards.Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programs. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. “I don’ t see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I’ ll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can’ t even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline. ”Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveler you are.Those who’ ve already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you’ re a Marco Polo Club “gold” member of Cathay Pacific s Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of One world, of which Cathay Pacific is a member-even if you’ ve never flown with them before.For those who haven’ t made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airline’ s Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25, 000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member-All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways.If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare.The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren’ t all things to all people-but everybody can get some benefit out of them.

阅读理解Directions： There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statement. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and choose the ONE answer that is most appropriate.Passage 2Say you want to reach an old friend who’ s always on the move. Calling her at home using the number listed in the phone book (what a quaint notion! ) probably won’ t work. But how else can you find the various other ways to reach her—via mobile, or at work, or perhaps e-mail, instant messaging, Skype, Facebook, or Twitter addresses?Enter Telnic, which is aiming to become the Google of online address books in competition with traditional yellow and white pages. The London-based startup has developed technology that lets anyone store the full range of their contact details online and then give chosen people access to it. “It is a bit like an interactive business card on the Web that you can change and give to anyone so they can reach you, ” says Justin Hayward, Telnic’ s communications director. The service is slated to go live in December.At first blush, that might not sound like much of a breakthrough. But Telnic’ s approach is revolutionary because it’ s exploiting a significant new capability in the Internet that has been authorized by governing body ICANN(the Interact Corporation for Assigned Names Numbers) , a private nonprofit group that oversees technical aspects of the Internet’ s address system. ICANN has sanctioned a new top-level domain called . tel—similar to . com or . net—that is set aside purely to integrate contact information directly into the heart of the Net.Telnic, which has so far raised about $35 million in financing, first applied to ICANN to commercialize the . tel domain in 2000. Permission finally came six years later, when ICANN awarded Telnic exclusive use of . tel. In the intervening time, the startup has spent about $15 million on the years of engineering needed to perfect the technology.Along the way, Telnic has also attracted prestigious backers including Paris-based venture capital firm Banexi Ventures Partners; Juan Villalonga, a former chief executive of Spanish telecom operator Telefónica; and the Berggruen Group, led by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen, who made much of his fortune in private equity and hedge funds. The technology developed by Telnic uses the Internet addressing system in an entirely new way. Until now top-level domains such as . co . uk or . edu have been mapped to Internet Protocol addresses for Web sites or other servers. The. tel scheme is more like a virtual directory—not associated with a specific site—containing all the contact information that individuals, companies, or other organizations wish to publish.Since . tel information isn’ t tied to the Web, individuals can post their contact information without having to put up and maintain their own Web sites—or, for that matter, sign up for social networking services such as LinkedIn. (Though they may want to do so for other reasons, such as professional networking. ) The information can be retrieved from all manner of devices, including mobile phones or Interact-connected’ gizmos.And because the data are in a standardized format easily downloadable, people will no longer need to enter and update their contact information on lots of different sites nor search painstakingly through a corporate Web site looking for a contact number.This has lots of intriguing repercussions for businesses and individuals. Case in point： Instead of firing up, say, PizzaJoint. com on a PC to find the phone number and address of a local pizza parlor, customers will be able to go to PizzaJoint. tel and the contact details will pop into their phones. Telnic says that third-party applications are already being developed that will automatically import contact information from . tel into the Research in Motion BlackBerry and Apple iPhone. Contact details are represented as hot links, so clicking on a phone number will launch a call.New . tel addresses are also likely to spring up for categories of companies. A London hotel, for instance, might ensure that visitors call find it by registering with http: //hotels. tel, which would then encourage users to call for reservations or click over to the hotel’ s Web site. One advantage for companies, Hayward says, is that information on . tel doesn’ t need to be managed by the IT department (unlike a Website) , so changes can be made easily and cheaply. “We built the technology so that all you have to do is fill in a form with contact information and press save, ” says Hayward.Needless to say, one of the biggest concerns is privacy. Telnic says its battle-tested technology leaves control over the dispersal of contact information in the hands of the domain owner, who can set different levels of access. So, for example, friends and family could have full view of all of an individual’ s contact details, while other information is hidden from business contacts, unknown Web surfers, or search engines.Like other domain names, . tel will be sold via designated registrars, which have to meet certain criteria and be approved by ICANN. On Oct. 22, Telnic announced that l00 registrars have already signed up to sell the . tel domain name in Europe, Asia, and the U. S. Among them are U. S. - based Network Solutions, which ranks third largest in the world in number of domains under management, and new entrants such as Digitrad, a Paris-based voice-over- Internet communications software company.Digitrad says it opted to be a registrar for . tel because it sees the potential for its own clients. It plans to use . tel domains to channel different forms of communication into a single interface, says Micha Benoliel, the company’ s chief executive. For example, if a consumer agrees to include his location information, Digitrad will leverage the . tel information by providing a “multimedia phone number” that will ring wherever the person happens to be—at his desk, in the office, or on his mobile. A call can also be put through directly to a person’ s computer whenever or wherever they are connected.For each purchase of a . tel domain by a business customer, Digitrad will provide a vanity phone number, a virtual switchboard, a unified voicemail system, click-to-call solutions and voice-over-IP services. Benoliel says both . tel and Digitrad’ s own services will serve as a complement to existing Websites, making it easier for clients to contact a business.And, of course, Digitrad, like other registrars, will make money by selling the . tel address to individuals and businesses. Registration opens on Dec. 3 for businesses with registered trademarks. From Feb. 3 to Mar. 23, the so-called “land rush” period, businesses and individuals can sign up for an elevated fee that will differ from registrar to registrar. Digitrad, for example, plans to charge € 300($397) for a one-year subscription. But after Mar. 23, Digitrad’ s price will drop to just € 1($1. 32) per month. The advantage to signing up early is that names are doled out on a first-come, first-serve basis. Other registrars may charge differently, but the range is expected to fall within $15 to $25 a year, says Telnic’ s Hayward.

阅读理解Hawaii’s native minority is demanding a greater degree of sovereignty over its own affairs. But much of the archipelago’s political establishment, which includes the White Americans who dominated until the Second World War and people of Japanese, Chinese and Filipino origin, is opposed to the idea.The islands were annexed by the US in 1898 and since then Hawaii’s native peoples have fared worse than any of its other ethnic groups. They make up over 60 percent of the state’s homeless, suffer levels of unemployment and their life span is five years less than the average Hawaiians. They are the only major US native group without some degree of autonomy.But a sovereignty advisory committee set up by Hawaii’s first native governor, John Waihee, has given the natives’ cause a major boost be recommending that the Hawaiian natives decide by themselves whether to re-establish a sovereign Hawaiian nation.However, the Hawaiian natives are not united in their demands. Some just want greater autonomy with the state—as enjoyed by many American Indian natives over matters such as education. This is a position supported by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), a state agency set up in 1978 to represent to natives’ interests and which has now become the moderate face of the native sovereignty movement. More ambitious in the Ka Lahui group, which declared itself a new nation in 1987 and wants full, official independence from the US.But if Hawaiian natives are given greater autonomy, it is far from clear how many people this will apply to. The state authorities only count as native those people with more than 50 percent Hawaiian blood.Native demands are not just based on political grievances, though. They also want their claim on 660,000 hectares of Hawaiian crown land to be accepted. It is on this issue that native groups are facing most opposition from the state authorities. In 1933, the state government paid the OHA US $136 million in back rent on the crown land and many officials say that by accepting this payment the agency has given up its claims to legally own the land. The OHA has vigorously disputed this.

阅读理解(2)Human vision, like that of other primates

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 5Social circumstances in Early Modern England mostly servedto repress women’ s voices. Patriarchal culture andinstitutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient,and subordinate. At the beginning of the 17th century, theideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and genderhierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in TheTrew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; bythat ideology the absolute power of God the supremepatriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch ofthe state and in the husband and father of a family.Accordingly, a woman’ s subjection, first to her fatherand then to her husband, imaged the subjection of Englishpeople to their monarch, and of all Christians to God.Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive orovertly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailingwomen’ s physical and mental defects, spiritual evils,rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority tomen.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empowerwomen. During the Elizabethan era (1558-1603) the culturewas dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided animpressive female example though she left scant culturalspace for other women. Elizabethan women writers began toproduce original texts but were occupied chiefly withtranslation. In the 17th century, however, variouscircumstances enabled women to write original texts insome numbers. For one thing, some counterweight topatriarchy was provided by female communities—mothers anddaughters, extended kinship networks, close femalefriends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James’consort) and her often oppositional masques and politicalactivities. For another, most of these women had areasonably good education (modern languages, history,literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and someapparently found in romances and histories more expansiveterms for imagining women’ s lives. Also, representationof vigorous and rebellious female characters in literatureand especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermineany monolithic social construct of women’ s mature androle.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potentialinherent in the Protestant insistence on everyChristian’ s immediate relationship with God and primaryresponsibility to follow his or her individual conscience.There is plenty of support in St Paul’ s epistles andelsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife’ ssubjection to her husband, but some texts (notablyGalatians 3: 28) inscribe a very different politics,promoting women’ s spiritual equality: “There is neitherJew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there isneither male nor female: for ye are all one in JesusChrist. ” Such texts encouraged some women to claim thesupport of God the supreme patriarch against the variousearthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in hisstead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology andcommon experience. English women throughout the 17thcentury exercised a good deal of accrual power: asmanagers of estates in their husbands’ absences at courtor on military and diplomatic missions; as members ofguilds; as wives and mothers who apex during the EnglishCivil War and Interregnum (1640-60) as the execution ofthe King and the attendant disruption of socialhierarchies led many women to seize new roles—aspreachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiledroyalist husbands, as writers of religious and politicaltracts.

阅读理解More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.It’ s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it’ s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck.For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only those they not be charged but those they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company’ s executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.

阅读理解Directions： There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statement. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and choose the ONE answer that is most appropriate.Passage 1The free flow of information and communication is paramount to the progress of society. Today, 3G technologies (i. e. UMTS, CDMA2000) are viewed as essential elements for advancing social economic development for countries worldwide.Globally, 3G technologies benefit entire countries by supporting the proliferation of information, enabling citizens to access vital communication services and promoting the development of technology advancements. It is estimated that mobile broadband usage will grow exponentially over the next three years, delivering the Internet and a plethora of other compelling services to more than l. 3 billion people globally by 2012.The expansion of 3G networks, devices and services in countries around the world is enhancing quality of life and providing expanded economic opportunities, both in the public and private sectors. The expansion of economic opportunities results in increased competition, the development of innovative new services for consumers and greater productivity for enterprises by workers.Furthermore, 3G is improving the lives of underserved citizens, bridging the “digital divide” that exists in certain regions of the world, particularly in developing countries where teledensity and Internet penetration are low. Access to 3G mobile connectivity helps to address these concerns by delivering essential and richer communication services (i. e. financial, healthcare, education, etc. ) that benefit people at every tier of society.In this Paper, we explore how countries are using advanced mobile technology to enable the aspirations of their citizens and facilitate new growth opportunities in the business sector. Our goal is to provide readers with valuable insights into the many benefits that 3G provides to countries around the world.Today, 3G networks play a vital role in expanding access to essential communication (voice) and value added information (data. services. To stay competitive in the global economy, countries are adopting 3G to improve their overall level of teledensity (including broadband Interact penetration) .Increases in teledensity, in turn lead to complementary benefits in the form of enhanced gross domestic product (GDP) and job creation opportunities in the telecommunications sector. Economic studies indicate that for every one percent increase in a country’ s broadband Interact penetration, GDP per capita increases by roughly 10 percent (USD. , and a one percent increase in mobile penetration results in a GDP per capita increase of roughly five percent (USD. . Moreover, direct investments in communication technology development are strongly correlated with increased job creation. Research data from Criterion Economics indicates that for every additional$1 million (USD. invested in telecommunications in the U. S. , l 8 new jobs are created.Today’ s 3G networks allow mobile operators to affordably address the growing global demand for low latency broadband services, a demand that is not being met by existing fixed line networks. In addition, 3G, which has the advantage of being backwards-compatible with legacy networks, provides increased network capacity and other efficiency enhancements that enable operators to deliver more competitive mobile broadband services, while ultimately reducing their investments in both CapEx and OpEx.3G network infrastructure, applications and services are enabling the much anticipated convergence of mobile communications, computing and consumer electronics. New types of connected devices and services are redefining market sectors including healthcare, education, and entertainment to name a few. Multimode 3G solutions enable access to multiple types of networks； stimulating the progression of ever more advanced service solutions and creating ever-richer user experiences for consumers.Furthermore, the growing proliferation of 3G devices and the ever expanding industry ecosphere is creating economies of scale that lead to lower total cost of network ownership for operators and makes mobile connectivity more affordable and practical. The benefits of having affordable access to mobile broadband devices and services extend to a country’ s institutions, businesses and mass market segments. For instance, expanded opportunities for growth and profitability in the business sector made possible by 3G leads to a trickle- down effect that benefits a country’ s general population. In the next section, we will explore citizens utilizing 3G devices and how they enjoy increasingly higher levels of service convenience, safety and productivity. An estimated 3. 43 billion people globally depend on mobile services as an integral part of their daily life. As countries increase the adoption of 3G technologies, the public demand for richer mobile services continues to grow. In the stories that follow, we briefly explore some popular, 3G-enabled service offerings and examine how these services are enhancing quality of life for people around the world.3G mobile communication services are redefining the way people communicate on a daily basis. Mobile communications can be categorized as ubiquitous (anytime, anywhere and anyplace) ; personal (MMS, video messaging, post cards, instant messaging, etc. ) or interactive (push-to-talk, video telephony, video sharing) .One example of an interactive mobile communications service is KTF’ s “WorldPhone View” videophone service in South Korea. Another example is Vodacom’ s ‘‘The Grid” service in South Africa, which offers a social networking application enhanced via GPS-enabled location awareness technology. Interactive services like these are distinguished by the convenience, customization and relevance they provide to the user community.The ability to provide healthcare services to people in isolated locations has traditionally been a daunting task. However, 3G technologies have the potential to help overcome these braziers and address many other healthcare needs as new wireless health services and devices come to market. For instance, wireless health services ranging from medication reminders to remote diagnostic and monitoring services have the potential to both improve and extend life.The wireless health industry is only just beginning to gain critical mass but the advent of innovative new 3G wireless-enabled devices and applications that are “always with you” and “always on” holds the potential to transform modem healthcare, eliminating barriers to care and driving costs out of the system.One case in point is in the province of Phang Nga, located in Thailand. The province includes two remote islands (Koh Panyee and Koh Yoa Yai) , which are roughly 45-minutes away from the nearest hospital by boat. Thanks to a collaboration with Thailand’ s CAT Telecom and Ministry of Public Health, two remote healthcare clinics on the islands are now wirelessly connected to the mainland hospital, leveraging the power of 3G mobile broadband to share patient information and facilitate timely remote medical consults.Two other industries being positively impacted by 3G are financial services and mobile commerce. Mobile financial services made possible by 3G technologies provide a new level of convenience, visibility and safety when it comes to managing finances, no matter what the consumer’ s socioeconomic status maybe.In emerging markets, access to 3G is making convenient and secure banking and payment solutions available to people who previously were unable to obtain traditional banking services. In the Philippines, it is estimated that roughly 68 million citizens are classified as “unbanked. ”Globe Telecom also reached out to Philippine companies to establish direct deposit services to take place under the G. Cash platform. Today, G-Cash subscribers have the ability to conduct personal finance transactions (deposit paychecks, withdraw cash, check balances, etc. ) at more than 6, 000 retail outlets nationwide. Next, we will discuss how 3G deployments create expanded opportunities in the business sector.Recent technology enhancements in 3G airlink-performance (i. e. , higher data rates, optimized quality of service (QoS) , reduced latency, increased network capacity, etc. ) are enabling mobile operators to achieve faster time-to- market, with a growing array of innovative new devices, applications and services. These new offerings help stimulate the expansion of the country’ s telecommunications ecosystem, contributing to industry growth and competitiveness and paving the way for further innovation.In the workplace, mobile broadband services are providing employees with real-time access to remote desktop enterprise solutions, increasing company response times for customers and leading to increased productivity for workers. For example, employees working offsite with mobile laptops or handheld devices may access company resource management solutions and dynamically collaborate with intra-office systems that link warehouses, suppliers and customer databases. Other new capabilities in the connected workplace range from creating sales orders in real-time to automatic inventory re-stocking. Innovative 3G solutions like these are helping enterprises improve their asset and resource management capabilities, streamline their operations and ultimately, achieve significant cost savings.Some of the latest mobile service offerings couple entertainment services with elements of social networking functionality. One example of an industry collaboration leading to the creation of an innovative new business model is the “Xploaded Music” service offered by South African operator MTN. The service provides a forum for unsigned and independent artists to distribute their music over MTN’ s 3G network.Moreover, the service integrates social networking services (blogs, music rating services, live event notices, etc. ) into the Xploaded Music site, enhancing artist’ s exposure as well as the user experience for MTN subscribers. As part of the business model, artists earn royalties from music sales in addition to having access to MTN’ s mentor program where artists may participate in music industry business courses.The Xploaded Music site has allowed MTN to become South Africa’ s largest digital distributor of “local” music. One key indication of the success of the business model is that several other similar services have been introduced to MTN’ s regional market, thereby creating increased competition and stimulating the implementation of new service innovations.3G technologies have ushered in a new era of enhanced and expanded access to information and communication that is unprecedented in the history of telecommunications. Countries around the world are experiencing the growing benefits associated with advanced 3G mobile broadband technologies. The deployment of 3G solutions, devices and services enables countries to more rapidly increase teledensity and expand broadband Internet penetration rates nationwide.Countries adopting 3G have experienced higher levels of GDP per capita and job creation in the telecommunications sector. Moreover, 3G expands a country’ s opportunities in the business sector, contributing to increased competitiveness and promoting innovative new wirelessly enabled businesses and services. Finally, 3G provides the country’ s citizens with richer, more compelling communications services. Access to convenient, affordable and highly customizable mobile broadband devices and services makes life more productive, secure and meaningful and empowers people to transform the way they live, learn, work and play.

阅读理解Directions: This part consists of two sections. In Section A, there are three passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. In Section B, there are two passages followed by a total of 10 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Company or The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to become future suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company.MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the “social responsibility approach” and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course is followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.

阅读理解Directions: In this section there are two reading passages, with each passage followed by FIVE multiple- choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best answers the question or completes the statement. Then write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage TWOWHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever- expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1, 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 years’ time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50, 000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1, 068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 2006 asking for names of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100, 000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to her quality newspapers too. ) As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’ t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50, 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. . Nicholls.There remains the dinner-party game of who’s in, who’s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christie’s entry in Missing Persons) notes, But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy’ (he had tried to escape by ship to America) .It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments, “Whether or not Hugo was a wall- painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility” . Then there had to be more women, too (12 percent, against the original DBN’ s 3) , such as Roy Strong’ s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks, “Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory” . This doesn’ t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, “except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke” .

阅读理解Deconstruction Innovations in language are

阅读理解Section A1． The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.2． The concept of integrated rural transport’ was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was coordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government. Section B 1． When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains. 2． Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase 1, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills. Section C 1． Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport. 2． An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labor. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network. 3． Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges. 4． It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys—a donkey costs less than a bicycle—and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow. Section D 1． At the end of Phase II, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete’ s transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase III, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalization of these activities. 2． The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before. 3． Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed. 4． The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorized vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people. 5． Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys. 6． It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20, 000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household’ s income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor Section E 1． It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a ‘ top-down’ approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitant without the support and understanding of district authorities. Section F 1． Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities. 2． The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions orunfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C, and D. You should decideon the best choice.Passage 6Two years ago, a Danish environmentalist called BjornLomborg had an idea. We all want to make the world abetter place but, given finite resources, we should lookfor the most cost-effective ways of doing so. He persuadeda bunch of economists, including three Nobel laureates, todraw up a list of priorities. They found that efforts tofight malnutrition and disease would save many lives atmodest expense, whereas fighting global warming would costa colossal amount and yield distant and uncertain rewards.That conclusion upset a lot of environmentalists. Thisweek, another man who upsets a lot of people embraced it.John Bolton, America’ s ambassador to the United Nations,said that Mr. Lomborg’ s Copenhagen Consensus provided auseful way for the world body to get its prioritiesstraight. Too often at the UN, said Mr. Bolton, everythingis a priority. The secretary-general is charged withcarrying out 9, 000 mandates, he said, and when you have9, 000 priorities you have none.So, over the weekend, Mr. Bolton sat down with UNdiplomats from seven other countries to rank 40 ways oftackling ten global crises. The problems addressed wereclimate change, communicable diseases, war education,financial instability, governance, malnutrition,migration, clean water and trade barriers.Given a notional $ 50 billion, how would the ambassadorsspend it to make the world a better place? Theirconclusions were strikingly similar to the CopenhagenConsensus. After hearing presentations from experts oneach problem, they drew up a list of priorities. The topfour were basic health care, better water and sanitation,more schools and better nutrition for children. Avertingclimate change came last.The ambassadors thought it wiser to spend money on thingsthey knew would work. Promoting breast-feeding, forexample, costs very little and is proven to save lives. Italso helps infants grow up stronger and more intelligent,which means they will earn more as adults. Vitamin Asupplements cost as little as $1, save lives and stoppeople from going blind. And so on.For climate change, the trouble is that though few disputethat it is occurring, no one knows how severe it will beor what damage it will cause. And the proposed solutionsare staggeringly expensive.Mr. Lomborg reckons that the benefits of implementing theKyoto protocol would probably outweigh the costs, but notuntil 2100. This calculation will not please A1 Gore.Nipped at the post by George Bush in 2000, Mr. Gore callsglobal warming an onrushing catastrophe and arguesvigorously that curbing it is the most urgent moralchallenge facing mankind.Mr. Lomborg demurs. We need to realize that there are manyinconvenient truths, he says. But whether he and Mr.Bolton can persuade the UN of this remains to be seen.

阅读理解Directions: In this section there are two reading passages, with each passage followed by FIVE multiple- choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best answers the question or completes the statement. Then write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage ONEPardon me: how are your manners?The decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to Gentility Recalled, edited by Digby Anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that once regulated social conduct. It criticizes the fact that “manners” are scorned as repressive and outdated.The result, according to Mr. Anderson—director of the Social Affairs Unit, an independent think-tank—is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behavior on the streets, jostling ‘in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad-tempered drivers.Mr. Anderson says the cumulative effect of these— apparently trivial, but often offensive—is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. As they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime.When people lament the disintegration of law and order, he argues, what they generally mean is order, as manifested by courteous forms of social contact. Meanwhile, attempts to reestablish restraint and self-control through “politically correct” rules are artificial.The book has contributions from 12 academics in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the “coarsening”of Britain. Old-fashioned terms such as “gentleman”and“lady” have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be re-evaluated, it says.Rachel Trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of St Hugh’s College, Oxford, says that the notion of a“lady”protects women rather than demeaning them. Feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures, she says. “Women, without some code of deference or respect, become increasingly victims. ”Caroline Moore, the first woman fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, points out that “gentleman” is now used only with irony or derision. “The popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between Woosteresque chinless wonders, and those heartless capitalist toffs who are . . . the stock-in- trade of television. ” She argues that the concept is neither class-bound nor rigid; conventions of gentlemanly behavior enable a man to act naturally as an individual within shared assumptions while taking his place in society. “Politeness is no constraint, precisely because the manners . . . are no ‘code’ but a language, rich, flexible, restrained and infinitely subtle. ”For Anthony O’ Hear, professor of philosophy at the University of Bradford, manners are closely associated with the different forms of behavior appropriate to age and status. They curb both the impetuosity of the youth and the bitterness of old age. Egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. “We have vice-chancellors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies . . . , the trendy vicar on his motorbike. ”Dr. Athena Leoussi, sociology lecturer at Reading University, bemoans the deliberate neglect by people of their sartorial appearance. Dr. ess, she says, is the outward expression of attitudes and aspirations. The ubiquitousness of jeans “displays a utilitarian attitude” that has “led to the cultural impoverishment of everyday life. ”Dr. Leoussi says that while clothes used to be seen as a means of concealing taboo forces of sexuality and violence, certain fashions—such as leather jackets have the opposite effect.Dr. Bruce Charlton, a lecturer in public health medicine in Newcastle upon Tyne, takes issue with the excessive informality of relations between professionals such as doctors and bank managers, and their clients. He says this has eroded the distance and respect necessary in such relationships.Tristam Engelhardt, professor of medicine in Houston, Texas, says manners are bound to morals. “Manners express a particular set of values, ” he says, “Good manners interpret and transform social reality. They provide social orientation. ”

阅读理解“Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most seem to attach great importance to it. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours, “and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. In fact, anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you think of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. For it’s obvious that by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term. A newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not share their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes, they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence. Is everyone entitled to his opinion? Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.