复合题Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetry,art,ormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.Howcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechild?Thereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystems.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchild,becauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechildforbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalookingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritstheknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybe,however,thatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematics,theywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalability,itmaybethatwhatisinheritedisanespeciallysensitiveear,apeculiarstructureofthehandsorthevocalorgansconnectionsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecute,andparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusic,thechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactors,inothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatisinherited,thennoreventheloveofit,butacertainbodilystructurethatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup.

复合题Direction: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passageis followed by some questions. For each of them there arefour choices marked A. B. C. and D. You should choose thebest answer and write it down on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1One key to a happy retirement is the means to enjoy it.Rogers de Haan ended up with more than enough money tofinance his golden years when he decided to retire andsell Saga Group, his familys business, in late 2004.Saga Group, the British travel, media and financial-services company that targets older consumers attractedseveral major bidders, with Charterhouse ultimately paying$2. 4 billion. What attracted Charterhouse and its rivalswas Sagas market strength in Britains fastest-growingconsumer demographic: the over-50 set.While most business makes great efforts to attract theyoung, Saga realized early on that theres often moremoney to be made from the mature. Marketers havetraditionally stayed away from older consumers, preferringto aim their pitches at a younger audience it hopes todevelop into lifelong customers. But Tim Bull, Sagasmarketing director, says mature consumers are just aseager to buy as youngsters, though they are most sensibleand more discerning. They are also richer—much richer.The rise of the silver spender is not confined to the U.K. , of course. The trend is the same across Europe andbeyond. Within five years, about one-third of the U. S.population will be older than 50, and consumers in thatage bracket currently own 65% if the net worth of allhouseholds. As a commercial company entirely focused onaging consumers, Saga remains unique. The U. S. s AAPP,for example, also sells products and has a magazine, butits nonprofit group more interested in public policy andpolitical lobbying. So as businesses look foropportunities to court older buyers, they are increasinglyturning to Saga for advice. Its got partnerships with agrowing number of companies eager to attract the “graypound” , including Hilton hotels, Hertz and David LloydLeisure, a chain of health clubs. “They have the productsolder people want, but are not sure how to reach them.Its a good business model for us, ” Bull says.Barriers remain, however. The taste of old-fashion, thoughfading, clings to the company like the scent of grandmasflowers. Trendy advertisers, for example, still stay awayfrom Saga Magazine, despite its impressive circulation.Although the monthly runs features on still-cool celebs,its filled with ass for retirement properties andhealth-improving facilities. In order to combat thatperception, Saga is planning a brand improvement campaigndesigned by ad agency Doner Cardwell Hawkins. “It willstress our core strengths to a new generation” , saysBull.Given the success of Charterhouses buyout, theressuspicion that Saga may soon go public . The companydeclines to discuss whether an initial public offering isin the works, but, investors would likely welcome a debt-raising because of Sags strong brand and impressivetrack record. And given that nearly half the U. K. s adultpopulation will be 50 or older by 2020, its not about torun out of potential customers anytime soon.

复合题Therelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbegantheprocessoftransferringsomeproductionprocesses(e.g.,clothmaking,sewingandcanningfoods)fromthehometothemarketplace.Althoughthehomeeconomycouldstillproducethesegoods,theprocesseswerelaboriousandthemarketeconomywasusuallymoreefficient.Soon,themoreimportantsecondstagewasevident—themarketplacebeganproducinggoodsandservicesthathadneverbeenproducedbythehomeeconomy,andthehomeeconomywasunabletoproducethem(e.g.,electricityandelectricalappliances,theautomobile,advancededucation,sophisticatedmedicalcare).Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducingthesenewgoodsandserviceswasirrelevant;ifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruitsofindustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.Thetraditionalwaysoftakingcareoftheseneedsinthehome,suchasinnursingthesick,becamesociallyunacceptable(and,inmostseriouscases,probablylesssuccessful).Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthe‘horse-drawncarriageillegalandthenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisionchangedtheradiofromasourceofentertainmenttoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostofthefruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasetheoptionsavailabletothehomeeconomytoeitherproducethegoodsorservicesorpurchasetheminthemarket.Growthbroughtwithitincreasedvarietyinconsumergoods,butnotincreasedflexibilityforthehomeeconomyinobtainingthesegoodsandservices.Instead,economicgrowthbroughtwithitincreasedconsumerrelianceonthemarketplace.Inordertoconsumethesenewgoodsandservices,thefamilyhadtoenterthemarketplaceaswageearnersandconsumers.Theneoclassicalmodelthatviewsthefamilyasdecidingwhethertoproducegoodsandservicesdirectlyortopurchasetheminthemarketplaceisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage.Itcannotaccuratelybeappliedtothesecondstage.

复合题Directions: In his section there are two reading passage followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage ACooperative

复合题Passage 3Mrs. Moreen, however, continued to be convincing; sitting there with her fifty francs she talked andrepeated, as women repeat, and bored and irritated him, while he leaned against the wall with hishands in the pocket of his wrapper, drawing it together round his legs and looking over the head of hisvisitor at the grey negations of his window. She wound up with saying: “You see I bring you a definiteproposal.”“A definite proposal?”“To make our relations regular, as it were—to put them on a comfortable footing.”“I see—it’s a system,” said Pemberton. “A kind of blackmail.”Mrs. Moreen bounded up, which was what the young man wanted.“What do you mean by that?”“You practice on one’s fears—one’s fears about the child if one should go away.”“And pray, with whom should a child be but those whom he loves most?”“If you think that, why don’t you dismiss me?”“Do you pretend that he loves you more than he loves us” cried Mrs. Moreen.“I think he ought to. I make sacrifices for him. Though I’ve heard of those you make, I don’t see them.Mrs. Moreen stared a moment; then, with emotion, she grasped Pemberton’s hand. “Will you make it—the sacrifice?”Pemberton burst out laughing. “I’ll see—I’ll do what I can—I’ll stay a little longer. Your calculationis just—I do hate intensely to give him up; I’m fond of him and he interests me deeply, in spite of theinconvenience I suffer. You know my situation perfectly; I haven’t a penny in the world, and, occupiedas I am with Morgan, I’m unable to earn money.”Mrs. Moreen tapped her undressed arm with her folded banknote. “Can’t you write articles? Can’tyou translate as I do?”“I don’t know about translating; it’s wretchedly paid.”“I am glad to earn what I can,” said Mrs. Moreen virtuously, with her head held high.“You ought to tell me who you do it for.” Pemberton paused a moment, and she said nothing; so headded: “I’ve tried to turn off some sketches, but the magazines won’t have them—they’ve declinedwith thanks.”“You see then you’re not such a phoenix—to have such pretensions,” smiled his interlocutress.“I haven’t time to do things properly,” Pemberton went on. Then as it came over him that he wasalmost abjectly good-natured to give these explanations he added: “If I stay on longer it must be onone condition—that Morgan shall know distinctly on what footing I am.”Mrs. Moreen hesitated. “Surely you don’t want to show off to a child?”“To show you off, do you mean?”Again Mrs. Moreen hesitated, but this time it was to produce a still finer flower. “And you talk ofblackmail!”“You can easily prevent it,” said Pemberton.“And you talk of practicing on fears,” Mrs. Moreen continued.“Yes, there’s no doubt I’m a great scoundrel.”The internal conflict that Pemberton endures is a battle between _____.

复合题Direction: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passageis followed by some questions. For each of them there arefour choices marked A. B. C. and D. You should choose thebest answer and write it down on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1For centuries, Shakespeare skeptics have doubled theauthorship of the Stratfordian Bard’ s literary corpus,offering no fewer than 50 alternative candidates,including Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe and theleading contender among the “anti-Stratfordians, ” Edwardde Vere, 17th earl of Oxford. Even U. S. Supreme courtJustice John Paul Stevens came to believe the skeptics.Steven’ s argument retreads a well-known syllogism:Shakespeare’ s plays are so culturally rich that theycould only have been written by a noble or scholar ofgreat learning. The historical William Shakespeare was acommoner with no more than a grammar school education.Thus, Shakespeare could not have written Shakespeare.Steven asks, “Where are the books? You can’ t be ascholar of that depth and not have any books in your home.He never had any correspondence with his contemporaries;he never was shown to be present at any major event. Ithink the evidence that he was not the author is bound areasonable doubt. ”But reasonable doubt should not cost an author his claim,at least not if we treat history as a science instead ofas legal debate. In science, a reigning theory is presumedpreviously true and continues to hold sway unless anduntil a challenging theory explains the current data aswell and also accounts for abnormities that the prevailingone cannot. Appling that principle here, we should grantthat Shakespeare wrote the plays unless and until theanti-Stratfordians can make their case for a challengerwho fits more of the literary and historical data.I explained this to John, M. Shahan, chair of theShakespeare Authorship Coalition (www.DobutAboutWill. Org) , who insisted that although mostskeptics hold that the true playwright was the earl ofOxford, their mission has merely been to sow the seeds ofdoubt. I understood why when I examined the case for deVere. For example, de Vere’ s supporters glorify hiseducation at both the University of Cambridge and theUniversity of Oxford and believe that the plays could onlyhave been penned by someone such learning. Yet the playsmake many references to the grammar school education thatShakespeare had and not that university life held so dearby the skeptics: instead of Cambridge masters and Oxforddons, Shakespeare routinely reference schoolmasters,schoolboys and schoolbooks.As for Shakespeare’ s humble upbringing, his father was amiddle-class landowner whose social standing was as highas or higher than that of either Marlowe or Ben Johnson,who were themselves sons of a shoemaker and bricklayer,respectively, and somehow managed to master the bellesletters.In the end, it’ s not enough merely to plant doubts aboutWill. Some anti-Stratfordians question Shakespeare’ sexistence, but the number of references to him form hisown time could only be accounted for by a playwright ofthat name. And although Shakespeare’ s skeptics note thatthere are no manuscripts, receipts, diaries or lettersfrom him, they neglect to mention that we have none ofthese for Marlowe, either.In other word, reasonable doubt is not enough to dethronethe man form Stratford-upon-Avon, and to date, nooverwhelming case has been made for any other author.

复合题Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it

复合题A team of international researchers has found new evidencethat an endangered subspecies of chimpanzee is the sourceof the virus that causes acquired immune deficiencysyndrome (AIDS) in humans. Experts said that the findingcould lead to new treatments for AIDS and contribute tothe development of a vaccine against the disease.The research team said the chimp—a subspecies known asPan troglodytes native to west central Africa—carries asimian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is closelyrelated to three strains of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) , the virus that causes AIDS. One of these strains,HIV-1, has caused the vast majority of the estimated 30million HIV infections around the world.The researchers are uncertain when the chimp virus, calledSIVcpz (for simian immunodeficiency virus chimpanzee) ,first infected humans, although the oldest documented caseof HIV has been linked to a Bantu man who died in CentralAfrica in 1959. But they said the virus, which does notappear to harm the chimps, was most likely transmitted tohumans when hunters were exposed to chimp blood whilekilling and butchering the animals for food. Oncetransmitted to humans, the researchers believe the virusmutated into HIV-1.Team leader Beatrice Hahn, an AIDS researcher at theUniversity of Alabama in Birmingham, said the chimps haveprobably carried the virus for hundreds of thousands ofyears. Since humans have likely hunted the animals, Hahnsaid the virus may have jumped to humans on manyoccasions, but was not transmitted widely among humansuntil the 20 th century. Increased hunting of thechimpanzees, along with human migration to African citiesand changing sexual mores could help explain the recentepidemic, Hahn said.Scientists had long suspected that a nonhuman primate wasthe source of HIV-1. Earlier studies suggested that thesooty mangabey monkey, a native of West Africa, was thelikely source of HIV-2—a rarer form of the AIDS virusthat is transmitted less easily than HIV-1. However, onlya few samples of SIV strains exist, making it difficultfor researchers to confidently connect the strains to HIV-1.As part of their effort to discover the source of HIV-1,the research team studied the four known samples ofSIVcpz. They learned that three of the four samples camefrom chimps belonging to the subspecies P. t. troglodytes.The remaining sample came from another subspecies, Pantroglodytes schweinfurthii, which inhabits East Africa.The team then compared the SIVcpz strains to each otherand found that all three of the viruses from R t.troglodytes viruses strongly resembled all three HIV-1subgroups.Additional evidence that HIV-1 could be linked to P. t.troglodytes came when the researchers examined thechimpsnatural habitat. The researchers quicklydiscovered that the chimps live primarily in the WestAfrican nations of Cameroon, Central African Republic,Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Republic of the Congo, thegeographic region where HIV-1 was first identified.Upon closer study, the researchers learned that the chimpswere being killed in growing numbers of the so-called bushmeat trade, a trend assisted by the construction of newlogging roads in once remote forests. The researchers saidthat continued hunting of the animals meant that manypeople are still likely to be exposed to SIVcpz,increasing the risk of additional cross-speciestransmissions.Many AIDS researchers welcomed the teams finding, butsaid the new work had not proved the connectiondefinitely. Most of the doubts centered on the difficultyof drawing conclusions from such a small number of SIVcpzsamples. Because so few samples exist—all drawn fromchimps in captivity—researchers do not know how prevalentthe virus is among wild chimps, or how the virus istransmitted. Doubts are likely to persist until the courseof the virus is studied in chimps in the wild.Some health experts said the finding could have far-reaching implications for combating AIDS. Because SIVcpzdoes not cause the chimps to become ill, researchersbelieve that the animalsdisease-fighting immune systemmay have developed a defense against the virus. Sincechimps are 98 percent genetically similar to humans,learning more about the chimpsimmune systems could shedlight on newways to prevent and treat AIDS in humans.Discovering how the chimps immune system controls thevirus, for example, could help researchers develop avaccine that generates a similar immune-system response inhumans.Other experts noted that even if the finding does not helpin the fight against AIDS, it provides strong evidencethat dangerous viruses can be transmitted to humans fromwild animals. In some cases, the viruses may be harmlessto the host animals, but cause sickness and death whentransmitted to humans. As people increasingly venture intoremote animals habitats, some scientists believe there isa growing risk of new human exposures to previouslyunknown disease-causing microbes.In the meantime, widespread slaughter of the chimps couldmake further study of R t. troglodytes difficult. The wildchimp population, which exceeded 1 million animals in theearly 20th century, is now believed to number fewer than100, 000. “We cannot afford to lose these animals, eitherfrom the animals conservation point of view or a medicalinvestigation standpoint, ” said Hahn. “It is quitepossible that the chimpanzee, which has served as thesource of HIV-1, also holds the clues to its successfulcontrol. ”What is the significance of the finding?

复合题Passage AAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary, portraitureis, “a representation or delineation of a person,especially of the face, made by life, by drawing,painting, photography, engraving. . . a likeness. ” However,this simplistic definition disregards the complexities ofportraiture. Portraits are works of art that engage withideas of identity as they are perceived, represented, andunderstood in different times and places, rather thansimply aim to represent a likeness. These concepts ofidentity can encompass social hierarchy, gender, age,profession, and the character of the subject, among otherthings. Rather than being fixed, these features areexpressive of the expectations and circumstances of thetime when the portrait was made. It is impossible toreproduce the aspects of identity; it is only possible toevoke or suggest them. Consequently, even though portraitsrepresent individuals, it is generally conventional ortypical—rather than unique—qualities of subject that arestressed by the artist. Portrait art has also undergonesignificant shifts in artistic convention and practice.Despite the fact that the majority of portraits portraythe subject matter in some amount of verisimilitude, (anappearance of being true or real) , they are still theoutcome of prevailing artistic fashions and favoredstyles, techniques, and media.Therefore, portrait art is a vast art category whichprovides a wide range of engagements with social,psychological, and artistic practices and expectations.Since portraits are distinct from other genres or artcategories in the ways they are produced, the nature ofwhat they represent, and how they function as objects ofuse and display, they are worthy of separate study. First,during their production, portraits require the presence ofa specific person, or an image of the individual to berepresented, in almost all cases. In the majority ofinstances, the production of portraiture has necessitatedsittings, which result in interaction between thesubject(s) and artist throughout the creation of the work.In certain instances, portrait artists depended on acombination of direct involvement with their subjects. Ifthe sitter is of high social standing or is occupied andunavailable to sit in the studio regularly, portraitistscould use photographs or sketches of their subject. InEurope, during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, thesitting time was sometimes decreased by focusing solely onthe head and using professional drapery painters to finishthe painting. For instance, Sir Peter Lily, the Englishartist, had a collection of poses in a pattern book thatenabled him to focus on the head and require fewersittings from his aristocratic patrons. Portrait painterscould be asked to present the likeness of individuals whowere deceased. In this sort of instance, photographs orprints of the subject could be reproduced. Theoretically,portraitists could work from impressions or memories whencreating a painting, but this is a rare occurrenceaccording to documented records. Nonetheless, whether thework is based on model sittings, copying a photograph orsketch, or using memory, the process of painting aportrait is closely linked with the implicit or explicitattendance of the model.Furthermore, portrait painting can be differentiated fromother artistic genres like landscape, still life, andhistory by its connection with appearance, or likeness. Assuch, the art of portrait painting got a reputation forimitation, or copying, instead of for artistic innovationor creativity; consequently it is sometimes viewed asbeing of a lower status than the other genres. Accordingto Renaissance art theory, (which prevailed until thestart of the nineteenth century) fine art was supposed torepresent idealized images, as well as to be original andcreative instead of to copy other works. Portraiture, incomparison, became linked with the level of a mechanicalexercise as opposed to a fine art. Michelangelos wellknown protest that he would not paint portraits becausethere were not enough ideally beautiful models is only oneexample of the dismissive attitude to portraiture thatpersisted among professional artist—even those who,ironically, made their living from portraiture. In thetime of modernism, during the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies, the attitude towards portraiture was critical.Even so, artists from around the globe kept paintingportraits in spite of their theoretical objections.Picasso, for instance, became renowned for cubist still-life painting early in his career, but some of his mosteffective early experiments in this new style were hisportraits of art dealers.All of the following are mentioned in the passage as techniques employed by artists to create portraits EXCEPT_____.

复合题Wheneverwecould,JoanandItookrefugeinthestreetsofGibraltar.TheEnglishman’shomeishiscastlebecausehehasnotmuchchoice.ThereisnowheretositinthestreetsofEngland,noteven,aftertwilight,inthepublicgardens.Theclimate,veryoften,doesnotevenpermithimtowalkoutside.Naturally,hestaysindoorsandcreatesacocoonofcomfort.ThatwasthewaywelivedinLeeds.Thesesouthernpeople,ontheotherhand,lookoutwards.TheGibraltarianhomeis,typically,asmallandcrowdedapartmentupseveralflightsofdarkanddirtystairs.Init,one,twooreventhreeoldpeopleshareafewill-litroomswiththeyoungfamily.Oncehehaseaten,changedhisclothes,embracedhiswife,kissedhischildrenandhisparents,thereisnothingtokeepthesouthernmanathome.Hehurriesout,takingevenhisbreakfastcoffeeathislocalbar.Hecomeshomelateforhisafternoonmealafteranappetitivehourathiscafe.Hesleepsforanhour,dresses,goesoutagainandstaysoutuntillateatnight.Hiswifedoesnotmisshim,forsheisout,too—atthemarketinthemorningandintheafternoonsittingwithothermothers,baby-mindinginthesun.TheusualGibraltarianhomehasnositting-room,living-roomorlounge.Theparlourofourworking-classhouseswouldbeanintolerablewasteofspace.Easy-chairs,sofasandsuch-likefurnitureareunknown.Therearenobookshelves,becausetherearenobooks.Talkinganddrinking,aswellaseating,aredoneonhardchairsroundthedining-table,betweenasideboarddecoratedwiththebestglassesandaninevitabledisplaycabinetfulloffamilytreasures,photographsandsouvenirs.Theelaboratechandelieroverthistableproclaimsitasthehubofthehouseholdandofthefamily.“Hearthandhome”makesverylittlesenseinGibraltar.One’shomeisone’stownorvillage,andone’shearthisthesunshine.Ournortherntownsaredormitorieswithcubicles,bycomparison.Whenwecongregate—inthechurchesitusedtobe,nowinthecinema,say,impersonally,oratpublicmeetings,formally—wearescarcelyevermantoman.Onlyinourpubscanyoufindthetrulygregariousandcommunalspiritsurviving,andinEnglandeventhepubsaredividedalongclasslines.AlongthisMediterraneancoast,homeisonlyarefugeandaretreat.Thepeoplelivetogetherintheopenair—inthestreet,market-place.Downhere,thereisafarstrongerfeelingofcommunitythanwehadeverknown.IncrowdedandcircumscribedGibraltar,withitscomplicatedinter-marriages,itsidentityofinterests,itssurvivingsenseofsiege,onecanseeandfeelanintegratedsociety.Toliveinatinytownwithalltheorganizationofastate,withViceroy,Premier,Parliament,PressandPentagon,allinminiature,allwithinarm’sreach,isanintensivecourseincivics.Insuchanenvironment,nothingcanbehidden,forbetterorforworse.One’ssuccessesareseenandrecognized;one’sfailuresareimmediatelyexposed.Socialconsciousnessisatitsstrongest,withtheresultthatthereisaconstantandfirmpressuretowardsgoodsocialbehaviour,towardscourtesyandkindness.Gibraltar.withallitsfaults,isthefriendliestandmosttolerantofplacesStraightfromthecynicalanonymityofabigcity,weluxuriatedinitshappypersonalism,Welookbackonit,likeallitsexiledsonsanddaughters,withtrueaffection.

复合题Passage BFew great architects have been so adamant in their beliefin the integration of architecture and design as CharlesRennie Mackintosh. Clients who tried to modify his grip onevery detail of the structure, interior decoration orfurniture often ended up with the architect losing histemper—and his commission. Now, 63 years after he died,Mackintosh has found the perfect patron, in the form of a56-year-old structural engineer and fellow Glaswegiannamed Graham Roxburgh.The story begins with a competition launched in December1900 by Zeitschrift Fur Innendekoration, and innovativedesign magazine published in the German city of Darmstadt.European architects were invited to design an Art LoversHouse. Mackintosh sent in his entry in March 1901, his onechance to design a house unfettered (解开) by financialconstraints or a conservative client. But he wasdisqualified for failing to include the required number ofdrawing of the interior. He hastily completed theportfolio (作品集) , which he then resubmitted. Delightedwith the designs, the judges awarded Mackintosh a specialprize (there was no outright winner) .Publication of these drawings did much to establishMackintoshs reputation abroad as an original anddistinctive architect, particularly in Austria andGermany. The Art Lovers House is an important twentieth-century building because it anticipates the abstract formsof Modernism. At first glance it could be an illustrationfrom the thirties. Artists of the avant-garde ViennaSecession described Mackintosh as “our leader who showedus the way” —an acclaim that he was never able to gain athome. Rich Glasgow businessmen never quite took himseriously.But today Glaswegians hail Mackintosh as their localgenius. Three years ago, the enterprising Mr. Roxburgh,who has already rescued Craigie Hall, a mansion on theoutskirts of Glasgow that Mackintosh helped design,hatched a plan to build the Art Lovers House—now closeto completion on a site in Glasgows Bellahouston Park.Strathclyde Council, the Scottish Development Agency andthe Scottish Tourist Board have picked up a third of thehefty (相当多的) ￡ 3 million bill. Roxburgh has raised therest through sponsorship and private loans.The original designs contradict each other in places.Details of the elaborate external stone carving and muchof the furniture and fittings for the main interiors—which will be open to the public—are exact, butMackintosh gave no indication of what should be done withthe lower ground floor or the roof spaces. No matter, forthe area will be rented out as offices to recoup some ofthe costs. The plans have been meticulously (仔细地)interpreted by Andy McMillan of Glasgows MackintoshSchool of Architecture and the furniture made by an expertcabinet-maker.The elegant, mysterious music-room is lit by tall windowsalong one side; the vertical lines are repeated in theelongated female figures embroidered on linen that hang inthe recesses, in the clusters of coloured lamps suspendedon slender wires and the uncomfortable high-backed chairs.The whole effect culminates (达到顶点) in the strangesuperstructure of the piano.What would Mackintosh have made of the Art Lovers house?The is a danger it will be all too perfect, like thoseexpensive reproduction Mackintosh chairs you find in shinymagazines or on the dust-free floors of design buffs. YetRoxburghs attention to detail and refusal to cut comersmakes him a man after Mackintoshs heart. He is nowhunting for an extra $300, 000 to complete the interiorsaccording to his exacting requirements.What was significant about the building designed by Mackintosh in the competition?

复合题Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage twoHow we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion.Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boy’ s hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends think we are odd or dull.What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats, for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example.There is also a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable. After World War Two, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter and the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again.Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the “untidy” look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashion of the top fashion houses.At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater; and it would be discourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club. However, you need never feel depressed if you don’ t look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and you’ ll see that no one else does either!

复合题It’sdisturbingtopictureyourkindergartnerinacasino,but,maybeyououghttotry.Americankidsarebornintoaculturethatlovesitsgambling,andthepassionisonlygrowing,asfinancialhardshipssweetentheevenalluringprospectofaluckybreak.Thedanger,ofcourse,isthatgamblingcanleadtocompulsivegambling—andcompulsivegamblingcanbealifewrecker.Now,anewstudyintheArchivesofPediatricsAdolescentMedicinesuggeststhatitmaybepossibletospotthepeoplemostatriskwhenthey’reasyoungas5yearsold.Problemgambling,likealladdictions,isatleastpartlyrootedinpoorimpulsecontrol,andifthere’sanyplacemaketheirwant-it-nowneedlessknown,it’sinkindergarten.PsychologistLindaPaganioftheSainten-JusticeUniversityHospitalResearchCenterandtheUniversityofMontrealconductedalongitudinalstudythatbeganin1999,whensheassembledasamplegroupof163kindergartenerswithamedianageof5.5years.Thekid’steachersfilledoutaquestionnaireinwhichtheyratedeachchild’sdegreeofinattentiveness,distractibilityandhyperactivityonascaleof1to9.Paganitalliedthescoresandthentuckedthefindingsaway.”Sixyearslater,sheconductedfollow-upinterviewswithsamechildrenandaskedwhetheranyofthemhadbegungambling.Theresultsweresurprising.AlthoughthekidswereoldenoughforVegasasorthetrack,manyadmittedthattheywerealreadyplayingbingo,cards,videopokerorOthervideogamesformoney;buyinglotterytickets,orplacingbetsonprofessionalsports.“Themajorityofkidswerenotengaginginanyoftheseactivities,”saysPagani,“butthefactthatanyofthemwerewasunexpected.”WhatstuckPeganimostwashowpredictabletheidentitiesofthegamblerswere.Whenshereferredbacktotheratingsfromkindergarten,shefoundthateveryone-unitincreaseontheimpulsivityscalecorrelatedwitha25%jumpinthelikelihoodachildwouldbegamblingbysixthgrade.“TheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualalreadyreferstogamblingspecificallyasanimpulse-controldisorder,”shesays,citingtheofficialtextthatoutlinesdiagnosticcriteriaformentaldisorders.“Andthentherewereourfindingsshowingthat.”Knowingearlyonwhichchildrenareheadedfortroublecanpayoffinanumberofways.Foronething,itcanhelpfamilieswiseup.Someoftheparentsofthekidsinthestudysawalittlegamblingasaminorthing,andanumberofthemevenboughtlotteryticketsfortheirkidsasarewardforgoodbehavior.That,clearly,sendsthewrongmessage.“Scratch-and-wingamesareforadults,”Paganisaysflatly.What’smore,notonlycankids’behaviorbenefitwhenimpulseissuesarespottedearlyon,socantheirbrains.Preschoolisatimewhentheprefrontallobes“effortfulcontrol”arejustdeveloping.Thebetterthebraincanbetrainedatthisstage,thebetteritperformslaterinlife.Paganicitesa2007studypublishedinthejournalSciencethatshowedthatsimpleattention-boostingtrainingtaughtinthekindergartenimprovedfocusandconcentrationinlateryears.“Youcanintroduceacost-effectiveprogramandreapenormousbenefits.”shesays.Paganiplanstocheckinwiththekidsinanothersixyears,whenthey’refinishinghingeschoolandpreparingtoenterthelargerworld—withitslargertemptations.Eveniftheywereborntoolatetobenefitfromherfindings,shethinksotherkidscan.“Weneedtothinkofimpulse-controltrainingasalong-terminvestmentplan,”shesays,“onethatcanleadtolessaddition,lessgamblingalowerdropoutrateandlowerunemployment.”That’safarbiggerpayoffthanyou’llevergetplayingblackjackorcraps.

复合题In the following article, some paragraphs have beenremoved. For questions 16-20, choose the most suitableparagraphs from the list A~F to fit into each of thenumbered gaps. There is ONE paragraph which does not fitin any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Grow-ups, as any child will tell you, are monstroushypocrites, especially when it comes to television. It isto take their minds off their own telly-addiction thatadults are so keen to hear and talk about the latestreport on the effects of programs on children. Surely allthat nonsense they watch must be desensitizing them,making them vicious, shallow, acquisitive, lessresponsible and generally sloppy about life and death. Butno, not a scrap of convincing evidence from thesociologists and experts in the psyches of children.For many years now parents, teachers and newspaper editorshave been disappointed by the various studies, andsociologists are beginning to fail into disrepute forfailing to come attuned to the desired results. The latestreport, “Popular TV and Schoolchildren” , perhaps moreattuned to the authoritarian times in which we live,assumes greater moral leadership and hands out laurels andwooden spoons to TV shows and asserts, as educatorsshould, the importance of having values.The kids, on the other hand, will not be switching offKenny Everett now they have been told how sexist andtrivial he is. (As if they didn’ t know! ) Nor, I suspect,will they have become more sexist and trivial themselvesfrom watching him.The nation has lived with the box for more than 30 yearsnow and has passed from total infatuation—revivedtemporarily by the advent of color—to the present casualobsession which is not unlike that of the well-adjustedalcoholic. And now the important and pleasant truth isbreaking, to the horror of program makers and theirdetractors alike, that television really does not affectmuch at all.This is tough on those diligent professionals who produceexcellent work; but since—as everyone agrees—awfulprograms far outnumber the good, it is a relief to knowthe former cannot do much harm. Television cannot evenmake impressionable children less pleasant.And if TV imparts little bad, there is no reason to thinkit does much good either. It has failed spectacularly tomake our children more callous and violent, and it hasfailed by way of “Jackanory” or “Blue Peter” to forgea young nation of origami adepts, or dog handlers orbuilders of lawn mower out of coat hangers and wire corks.Television turns out to be no great transformer of mindsor society. We are not, en masse(全体地) , as it was oncepredicted we would be, fantastically well-informed aboutother culture or about the origins of life on earth.People do not remember much from television documentarybeyond how good it was. Only those who know somethingabout the subject in the first place retain theinformation.Documentariesare not what most people want to watch anyway. Television is at its most popular when it celebrates its own present. Its ideal subjects are those that need not be remembered and can be instantly replaced,where what matters most is happening now and what is going to happen next. Sport, news, panel games, cop shows, long- running soap opera, situation comedies—these occupy us only for as long as they are on.However good is or bad it is, a night’ s viewing is wonderfully forgettable. It’ s a little sleep, it’ s entertainment; our morals and for that matter, our brutality, remain intact. The box is further neutralized by the sheer quantity people watch. The more of it you see, the less any single bit of it matter. Of course, some programs are infinitely better than other. There are gifted people working in television. But seen from a remoter perspective—say , four hours a night viewing for three months—the quality of individual programs means as much as the quality of each car in the rush-hour traffic. For the heavy viewer, TV has only two meaningful states— on and off. What are the kids doing? Watching TV. No need to talk what, the answer is sufficient. Soon, I’ ll go up there and turn it off. Like a light bulb it will go out and the children will do something else.It appears the nation’ s children spend more time in frontof their TVs than in the classroom. Their heads are fullof TV—but that’ s all, just TV. The Kojak violence theywitness is TV violence, sufficient to itself. It dose notbrutalize them to the point where they cannot grieve theloss of a pet, or be shocked at some minor playgroundviolence. Children, like everyone else, know thedifference between TV and life. TV knows its place. Itimparts nothing but itself; it has its own rules, its ownlanguage, its own priorities.It is because this little glowing, chattering screenbarely resembles life at all that it remains so usefullyineffectual. To stare a brick wall would waste time.Whatever the TV/video industry might now say, televisionwill never have the impact on civilization that theinvention of the written word has had. The book—hislittle hinged thing—is cheap, portable, virtuallyunbreakable, endlessly reusable, has instant replayfacilities and in slow motion if you want it, needs nopower lines, batteries or aerials, work in panes and traintunnels, can be stored indefinitely without muchdeterioration.What does the phrase “be no great transformer of minds or society” mean?

复合题Womenwhodrankthreeormorecupsofcoffeeadaywere30percentlesslikelytohavememorydeclineatage65thanwhosewhodrankonecuporlessdaily.Andthebenefitincreasedwithage.Womenoverage80whodrankthreeormorecupsofcoffeeadaywereabout70percentlesslikelytohavememorydeclinethanthosewhodrankonecuporless,theresearcherssaid.Caffeinatedteahadthesameeffectinthewomen.Thestudyfound,althoughmorewasneededtogetthesamecaffeineboost.“Countroughlytwocupsofteaforacupofcoffee,”saidstudyleaderKarenRitchieofINSERM,theFrenchNationalInstituteforHealthandMedicalResearch.Buttheresearchersdidn’tfindasimilarlyprotectiveeffectinmen,althoughotherstudieshavefoundabenefittomales.Howmightcaffeinehelpwardoffcognitivedecline?“Itisacognitivestimulant,”saidRitchie.Italsohelpstoreducelevelsoftheproteincalledbetaamyloidinthebrain,shesaid,“whoseaccumulationisresponsibleforAlzheimer’sdiseasebutwhichalsooccursinnormalaging.”Ritchiesaidshewasn’tsurewhymeninthestudydidn’tbenefitfromcaffeine.“Ourhypothesisisthateitherwomenmetabolizecaffeinedifferentlythanmen,ortheremaybeaninteractionofthecaffeinewiththesexhormones,theestrogen-progesteronebalance,”shesaid.TheFrenchstudyconfirmspreviousresearch,saidWilliamScott,professorofmedicineattheUniversityofMiamiMillerSchoolofMedicine,whohasresearchedcaffeine’sbeneficialeffectsagainstParkinson’sdisease,alsoaneurodegenerativedisorder.Asforcaffeineonlyprotectingwomen,Scottnotedthatjust2,800ofthe7,000studyparticipantsweremen,andtheresultsmighthavedifferedifmoremenwereincluded.AstudypublishedinFebruaryintheEuropeanJournalofClinicalNutritionlookedat676healthymenandfoundthatregularcoffeedrinkershadalowerrateofcognitivedeclineovera10-yearfollow-upthanthosewhodidn’tdrinkcoffee.Thosewhodrankthreecupsdailyhadtheleastsignsofdecline.BothScottandRitchieagreedthatmorestudyisneeded.Ritchie’sresearchwillnextlookattherelationshipbetweencaffeineandAlzheimer’s.

复合题ConsideringhowjazzistranscribedinChinese(jueshi),youmaybemisledintoassumingthatitisanaristocraticculturalform.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.ItoriginatedamongblackAmericansattheendofthe19thcentury,atatimewhentheyoccupiedtheverybottomoftheAmericansocialheap.Sohowhassomethingthatwascreatedbyaoncedowntroddenanddespisedminorityacquiredacentralplaceintoday’sAmericanculture?Mr.DarrellA.Jenks,directoroftheAmericanCenterforEducationalExchange,andalsoadrummerinthejazzbandWindow,analysesthephenomenonforushere.PerhapstheessenceofAmericaisthatyoucouldnevergettwoAmericanstoagreeonjustwhatthatmightbe.Afterthinkingaboutitforawhile,wemightchuckleandsay,Hmm,seemslikebeingAmericanisabitmorecomplicatedthanwethought.Certainlythingslikeindividualism,success(theAmericanDream),innovationandtolerancestandout.Butthesethingscometogetherbecauseofourabilitytoworkwithoneanotherandfindcommonpurposenomatterhowdiversewe.mightbe.Some,likeAfrican-AmericanwriterRalphEllison,believethatjazzcapturestheessenceofAmerica.Forgoodreason,forinjazzallofthecharacteristicsImentionedabovecometogether.Thesolosareacelebrationofindividualbrilliancethatcan’ttakeplacewithoutthegroupeffortsoftherhythmsection.Beyondthat,though,jazzhasaconnectiontotheessenceofAmericainamuchmorefundamentalway.ItisanexpressionoftheAfricanrootsofAmericanculture,amusicalmediumthatexemplifiesthecultureoftheAfricanswhoseculturecametodominatemuchofwhatisAmerican.That’sright,inmanyrespectsAmerica’srootsareinAfrica.ReadRalphEllison’sperceptivedescriptionofthetransformationofseparateAfricanandEuropeanculturesatthehandsoftheslaves:...thedancingofthoseslaveswho,lookingthroughthewindowsofaplantationmanorhousefromtheyard,imitatedthestepssogravelyperformedbythemasterswithinandthenaddedtothemtheirownspecialflair,burlesquingthewhitefolksandthengoingontoforcethestepsintoachoreographyuniquelytheirown.Thewhites,lookingoutattheactivityintheyard,thoughtthattheywerebeingflatteredbyimitationandwereamusedbytheincongruityoftatteredblacksdancingcourtlysteps,whilemissingcompletelythefactthatbeforetheireyesaEuropeanculturalformwasbecomingAmericanized,undergoingametamorphosisthroughthemockingactivityofapeoplepartiallysprungfromAfrica.(RalphEllison,LivingwithMusic,pp83-84).JazzbroughttogetherelementsfromAfricaandEurope,fusingthemintoanewculture,anexpressionuniquetotheAmericans.OutofthisfusioncameanideathatweAmericansbelievecentraltoouridentity:tolerance.BothculturesrepresentedinEllison’spassageeventuallycametorealizeeachother’svalue.Americansacknowledgethatdiversityisourstrength.Welearneverydaythatotherculturesandpeoplesmaymakevaluablecontributionstoourwayoflife.Jazzmusicistheembodimentofthisideal,combiningelementsfromAfricanandEuropeanculturesintoadistinctlyAmericanmusic.JazzreflectstwocontradictoryfacetsofAmericanlife.Ontheonehanditisateameffort,whereeverymusicianiscompletelyimmersedinwhatthegroupdoestogether,listeningtoeachoftheotherplayersandbuildingontheircontributionstocreateamusicalwhole.Ontheotherhand,thebandfeaturesasoloistwhoisanindividualattheextreme,ageniuslikeCharlieParkerwhoexploresmusicalterritorywherenoonehasevergonebefore.Inthesamesense,Americanlifeisalsoacombinationofteamworkandindividualism,acombinationofindividualbrilliancewiththeabilitytoworkwithothers.WehopethatmanyChinesefriendscanbringtheirownuniquecontributionstoourmusic,addingtheirownculturetoourAmericanheritage.AsRalphEllisonsaidoftheUS,WehavetheBillofRights,theConstitution,andwehavejazz.

复合题Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage oneA class action lawsuit has been filed against a prominent Toronto doctor by patients who allege he injected a banned substance into their faces for cosmetic purposes. The doctor had already been investigated for more than three years for using the liquid silicone, a product not authorized for use in Canada.Some patients say they are now suffering health problems and think the liquid silicone may be to blame. One of those patients is Anna Barbiero. She says her Toronto dermatologist told her he was using liquid silicone to smooth out wrinkles. What she says he didn’ t tell her is that it isn’ t approved for use in Canada. “I didn’ t know what liquid silicone was and he just called it ‘ liquid gold’ , ” Barbiero remembers. After her last treatment, Anna discovered Dr. Sheldon Pollack had been ordered to stop using the silicone two years earlier by Health Canada. Experts say silicone can migrate through the body, and cause inflammation and deformities.“My upper lip is always numb and it bums, ” Barbiero says. Barbiero is spearheading a lawsuit against the doctor, who her lawyer thinks might involve up to 100 patients injected with the same material. “The fact, a physician of his stature would use an unauthorized product on a patient because he thought it was okay, is really very disturbing, ” says lawyer Douglas Elliott.Ontario’ s College of Physicians and Surgeons is also investigating Dr. Pollack to see if, in fact, he continued to use the silicone after agreeing to stop and whether he wrote in patient records that he used another legal product when he used silicone. However, in a letter to the College, Dr. Pollack wrote that he had always told patients that the silicone was not approved for sale in Canada, and had warned them of the risks. And in Barbiero’ s case, “. . . at the time of her first visit, prior to her ever receiving IGLS treatment, I specifically informed her that the material was not approved for sale in Canada by the Health Protection Branch and that I did receive the material from outside the country. . . I would like to emphasize that, as is evident on Ms. Barbiero’ s chart, I drew a specific diagram on the chart which I carefully discussed with and explained to Ms. Barhiero as I did with every other patient to explain the nature and likelihood of complications and the masons and consequences of those possible complications. ”Dr. Pollack declined to speak to CTV News, or to have his lawyer discuss the case. None of the allegations have been proven in court. But the case raises questions about the ability of governing bodies to monitor doctors. “There’ s a larger message and that is: buyer beware, ” says Nancy Neilsen of Cosmetic Surgery Canada. “It’ s incumbent on consumers to do their research. ”

复合题Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage twoThe pollution of Hong Kong’ s beaches by oil from a damaged tanker last year recalls a similar incident which took place in Britain in 1967 when the Torrey Canyon, a huge oil tanker, split in two and caused disaster in coastal areas. Shoals of fishes were killed, sea birds hopelessly fouled with oil and coastal holiday resorts put out of business for several weeks. As a result of this particular incident scientists are becoming restless at the thought of Britain’ s inability to cope with national disasters on a large scale. The reason for their concern is that technology is rapidly outstripping man’ s ability to control it.Oil tankers, for instance, have been allowed to get bigger and bigger without sufficient thought being given to emergency braking and maneuvering arrangement. Collisions at Sea continue, but little effect has been made to develop safety devices as effective as those used for aircraft.Scientists were outspoken in expressing their concern during a recent meeting of the British Association. Unanimous approval was voiced when the leading speaker urged that a permanent national rescue services should be established, equipped for any emergency and ready to move off immediately.Of all the possible disasters mentioned, the one promoting most discussion was a major release of radioactivity from a nuclear power station. One does not need a particularly vivid imagination to visualize the other possibilities discussed. What would be the effect of a jumbo-jet crashing on a large chemical plant handling destroying liquids? Could the tapping of natural gas lead to any form of collapse? Suppose a lorry full of a highly poisonous chemical crashed unseen into a large reservoir？ Dams can burst; abnormal conditions can lead to massive electrical blackouts.An intensive study of such possibilities could at least reduce the effects of future disasters. For example, it would mean that a number of technical alternatives (such as the choice between detergent or chalk for dispersing oil) could be examined and tested in advance so that specially trained expert would know exactly what action was needed in a given emergency.

复合题Directions: There are two passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions. For each of themthere are four choices marked A. B. C. and D. You shouldchoose the best answer and write it down on your AnswerSheet. (2 points for each question)Passage OneThe term “food miles” —how far food has traveled beforeyou buy it—has entered the enlightened lexicon.Environmental groups, especially in Europe, are pushingfor labels that show how far food has traveled to get tothe market, and books like Barbara Kingsolver’ s Animal,Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life contemplate thedamage wrought by trucking, shipping and flying food fromdistant parts of the globe.There are many good reasons for eating local-freshness,purity, taste, community cohesion and preserving openspace—but none of these benefits compares with the much-touted claim that eating local reduces fossil fuelconsumption. On its face, the connection between loweringfood miles and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions is ano-brainer. Seventy-five percent of the apples sold in NewYork City come from the West Coast or overseas, the writerBill McKibben says, even though the state produces farmore apples than city residents consume. In light of thismarket redundancy, the only reasonable reaction, it seems,is to count food miles the way a dieter counts calories.But is reducing food miles necessarily good for theenvironment?Researchers at Lincoln University in New Zealand recentlypublished a study challenging the premise that more foodmiles automatically mean greater fossil fuel consumption.According to this peer-reviewed research, compellingevidence suggests that there is more—or less—to foodmiles than meets the eye. It all depends on how you wieldthe carbon calculators. Instead of measuring a product’ scarbon footprint through food miles alone, the LincolnUniversity scientists expanded their equations to includeother energy-consuming aspects of production like wateruse, harvesting techniques, fertilizer outlays, disposalof packaging, storage procedures and dozens of othercultivation inputs.Incorporating these measurements into their assessments,scientists reached surprising conclusions. Most notably,they found that lamb raised on New Zealand’ s clover-choked pastures and shipped 11, 000 miles by boat toBritain produced 1, 520 pounds of carbon dioxide emissionsper ton while British lamb produced 6, 280 pounds of carbondioxide per ton, in part because poorer British pasturesforce farmers to use feed. These life-cycle measurementsare causing environmentalists worldwide to rethink thelogic of food miles. New Zealand’ s most prominentenvironmental research organization, Landcare ResearchManaaki Whenua, explains that localism “is not always themost environmentally sound solution if more emissions aregenerated at other stages of the product life cycle thanduring transport. ”“Eat local” advocates—a passionate group of which I amone—are bound to interpret these findings as a threat. Weshouldn’ t. Not only do life cycle analyses offer genuineopportunities for environmentally efficient foodproduction, but they also address several problemsinherent in the eat-local philosophy.

复合题In this section there are two reading passages followed by a total of 10 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 2From th