阅读理解Directions: In this section there are three passages followed by fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then choose the one answer that you think is the correct to each question.Text 3The right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates, but no one seems quite sure which way it ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to think so when he attacked the idea of happiness as “the possession of being well-deceived” , the felicity of being “a fool among knaves” . For Swift saw society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals.It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them and to create them faster than any man’ s budget can satisfy them. For that matter, our whole economy is based on a dedicated insatiability. We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want. We are even told it is our duty to want. It was only a few years ago, to cite a single example, that car dealers across the country were flying banners that read “You Auto Buy Now” . They were calling upon Americans, as an act approaching patriotism, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow tired of by the time the next year’ s models were released.Or look at any of the women’ s magazines. There, as Bernard DeVoto once pointed out, advertising begins as poetry in the front pages and ends as pharmacopoeia and therapy in the back pages. The poetry of the front matter is the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers. These, the flawless teeth. This, the perfumed breath she must exhale. This, the sixteen-year- old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and forever.Obviously no half-sane person can be completely persuaded either by such poetry or by such pharmacopoeia and orthopedics. Yet someone is obviously trying to buy the dream as offered and spending billions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers but what is it trying to buy.The idea “happiness” , to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work in toward the middle. To think of happiness as acquisitive and competitive will do to set the materialistic extreme. To think of it as the idea one senses in, say, a holy man of India will do to set the spiritual extreme. That holy man’ s idea of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself. In wanting nothing, he lacks nothing. He sits immobile, rapt in contemplation, free even of his own body. Or nearly free of it. If devout admirers bring him food he eats it; if not, he starves indifferently. Why be concerned？ What is physical is an illusion to him. Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline, the accomplishment of which is itself a joy within him.

阅读理解Public officials and candidates for public office routinely use public opinion polls to keep track of what the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guide leaders in their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis for policy decisionsPolls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far out of line with the public’ s thinking. In a democratic society, the effectiveness of a public policy often depends on the extent of its public support. When a policy is contrary to the public’ s desires, people may choose to disregard or undermine it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Further, when government pursues a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it risks a loss of public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reagan administration, flying high from 1981 to 1985, was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to news of its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid sufficient attention to polls that revealed the deep antagonism American still felt toward Iran because the Ayatollah Khomeini’ s regime has held sixty-three American hostages in 1979-1981.However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results as a substitute for policy judgment. “Effective government” , as Walter Lippmann wrote, “cannot be conducted by legislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what is the truth and which is the right and necessary course, but what does the Gallup Poll say?” During his presidential term, Jimmy Carter proposed five consecutive inflation-fighting programs, changing his plans with each shift in public sentiment without having invested the political capital necessary to get Congress and the country behind any of the efforts. The nation--and Carter--would probably have been better served by a steadfast commitment to a single course of action.

阅读理解Directions: Read the following passages and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer for each question and circle the letter on the answer sheet. Remember to write the letter corresponding to the question number.The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want a talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone’ s experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of ATT, Co-ca-Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he’s seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%, and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won’t secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not too many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New-York-based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, you’ll get ahead — that someone in authority will reach down and give you promotion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they’ve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.

阅读理解Directions: In this section, there is a short passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully and then give brief answers to the questions below in the fewest words possible.Passage 1Every second, 1 hectare of the world’ s rainforest is destroyed. That’ s equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares—more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear cut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.Much of Canada’ s forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world’ s wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp.Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fiber which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For many centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a world wide trading network would not have been possible without hemp. Nowadays, ships’ cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibers, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canada’ s forests.However, there is a problem: hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful for fiber, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which marijuana is produced. In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fiber-producing hemp plant. Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison—despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug) .In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal—both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant—and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members of society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fiber; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fiber for paper and pulp production. This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fiber. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source.

阅读理解Reading Passage 1Questionsare based on the following readingpassage.A.From the beginning of the 20th century, people abroadhave been uncomfortable with the global impact of Americanculture. More recently, globalization has been the mainenemy for academics, journalists, and political activistswho loathe what they see as the trend toward culturaluniformity. Still, they usually regard global culture andAmerican culture as synonymous. And they continue toinsist that Hollywood, McDonald’ s and Disneyland areeradicating regional and local eccentricities.B. Despite those allegations, the cultural relationshipbetween the United States, and the rest of the world overthe past l00 years has never been one-sided. On thecontrary, the United States was, and continues to be, asmuch a consumer of foreign intellectual and artisticinfluences as it has been a shaper of the world’ sentertainment and tastes.Section AC. In fact, as a nation of immigrants from the 19th to21st century, the United States has been a recipient asmuch as an exporter of global culture. Indeed, theinfluence of immigrants on the United States explains whyits culture has been so popular for so long in so manyplaces. American culture has spread throughout the worldbecause it has incorporated foreign styles and ideas. WhatAmericans have done more brilliantly than theircompetitors overseas is repackage the cultural products wereceive from abroad and then retransmit them to the restof the planet. That is why a global mass culture has cometo be identified, however simplistically, with the UnitedStates.D. Americans, after all, did not invent fast food,amusement parks, or the movies. Before the Big Mac, therewere fish and chips. Before Disneyland, there wasCopenhagen’ s Tivoli Gardens (which Walt Disney used as aprototype for his first theme park in Anaheim, Californiaa model later re-exported to Tokyo and Paris) . And in thefirst two decades of the 20th century the two largestexporters of movies around the world were France andItaly.Section BE. So, the origins of today’ s international entertainmentcannot be traced only to P. T. Barnum’ s circuses orBuffalo Bill’ s Wild West Show. The roots of the newglobal culture lie as well in the European modernistassault, in the early 20th century, on 19th-centuryliterature, music, painting, and architecture—particularly in the modernist refusal to honor thetraditional boundaries between high and low culture.Modernism in the arts was improvisational, eclectic, andirreverent. Those traits have also been characteristic ofAmerican popular culture.F. The artists of the early 20th century also challengedthe notion that culture was a means of intellectual ormoral improvement. They did so by emphasizing style andcraftsmanship at the expense of philosophy, religion, orideology. They deliberately called attention to languagein their novels, to optics in their paintings, to thematerials in and function of their architecture, to thestructure of music instead of its melodies.G. Although modernism was mainly a European affair, itinadvertently accelerated the growth of mass culture inthe U. S. Surrealism, with its dreamlike associations,easily lent itself to the wordplay and psychologicalsymbolism of advertising, cartoons, and theme parks.Dadaism ridiculed the snobbery of elite culturalinstitutions and reinforced an already-existing appetite(especially among the immigrant audiences in the UnitedStates) for “low-class, ” disreputable nickelodeons andvaudeville shows. Stravinsky’ s experiments withunorthodox, atonal music validated the rhythmicinnovations of American jazz. Modernism provided thefoundations for a genuinely new culture. But the newculture turned out to be neither modernist nor European.Instead, American artists transformed an avant-gardeProject into a global phenomenon.Section CH. It is in popular culture that the reciprocalrelationship between America and the rest of the world canbest be seen. There are many reasons for the ascendancy ofAmerican mass culture. Certainly, the ability of American-based media conglomerates to control the production anddistribution of their products has been a major stimulusfor the worldwide spread of American entertainment. Butthe power of American capitalism is not the only, or eventhe most important, explanation for the global popularityof America’ s movies and television shows.I. The effectiveness of English as a language of masscommunications has been essential to the acceptance ofAmerican culture: Unlike German, Russian, or Chinese, thesimpler structure and grammar of English, along with itstendency to use shorter, less abstract words and moreconcise sentences, are all advantageous for the composersof song lyrics, ad slogans, cartoon captions, newspaperheadlines, and movie and TV dialogue. English is thus alanguage exceptionally well suited to the demands andspread of American mass culture.J. Another factor is the international complexion of theAmerican audience. The heterogeneity of America’ spopulation—its regional, ethnic, religious, and racialdiversity—forced the media, from the early years of the20th century, to experiment with messages, images, andstory lines that had a broad multicultural appeal. TheHollywood studios, mass-circulation magazines, and thetelevision networks have had to learn how to speak to avariety of groups and classes at home. This has given themthe techniques to appeal to an equally diverse audienceabroad.K. One important way that the American media havesucceeded in transcending internal social divisions,national borders, and language barriers is by mixing upcultural styles. American musicians and composers havefollowed the example of modernist artists like Picasso andBraque in drawing on elements from high and low culture.Aaron Copland, George Gershwin, and Leonard Bernsteinincorporated folk melodies, religious hymns, blues andgospel songs, and jazz into their symphonies, concertos,operas, and ballets. Indeed, an art form asquintessentially American as jazz evolved during the 20thcentury into an amalgam of African, Caribbean, LatinAmerican, and modernist European music. This blending offorms in America’ s mass culture has enhanced its appealto multiethnic domestic and international audiences bycapturing their different experiences and tastes.Section DL. Finally, American culture has imitated not only themodernists’ visual flamboyance, but also their tendencyto be apolitical and anti-ideological. The refusal tobrowbeat an audience with a social message has accounted,more than any other factor, for the worldwide popularityof American entertainment. American movies, in particular,have customarily focused on human relationships andPrivate feelings, not on the problems of a particular timeand place. They tell tales about romance, intrigue,success, failure, moral conflicts, and survival. The mostmemorable movies of the l930s (with the exception of TheGrapes of Wrath) were comedies and musicals aboutmismatched people falling in love, not socially consciousfilms dealing with issues of poverty and unemployment.Similarly, the finest movies about World War II (likeCasablanca) or the Vietnam War (like The Deer Hunter)linger in the mind long after those conflicts have endedbecause they explore their character’ s most intimateemotions rather than dwelling on headline events.M. Such intensely personal dilemmas are what peopleeverywhere wrestle with. So Europeans, Asians, and LatinAmericans flocked to Titanic, as they once did to GoneWith the Wind, not because those films celebrated Americanvalues, but because people all over the world could seesome part of their own lives reflected in the stories oflove and loss.N. America’ s mass culture has often been crude andintrusive, as its critics have always complained. But,American culture has never felt all that foreign toforeigners. And, at its best, it has transformed what itreceived from others into a culture everyone, everywhere,could embrace —a culture that is both emotionally and, onoccasion, artistically compelling for millions of peoplethroughout the world.O. So, despite the current resurgence of anti-Americanism-not only in the Middle East but in Europe and LatinAmerica-it is important to recognize that America’ s movietelevision shows, and theme parks have been less“imperialistic” than cosmopolitan. In the end, Americanmass culture has not transformed the world into a replicaof the United States. Instead, America’ s dependence onforeign cultures has made the United States a replica ofthe worldQuestionsFor each question below, chose the answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letteron the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 8It’ s becoming very dangerous to sit in the sun. If youhave a fashionable sun tan, it doesn’ t necessarily meanthat you have lots of outdoor activities- but it does meanthat you’ re n greater danger of getting skin cancer andcataracts.The ozone layer, which protects us from the sun’ sdangerous ultra-violet rays, is progressivelydeteriorating. In February 1992 a scientific report saidthat people in Canada, Northern Europe and Russia were inserious danger.In 1985, the news of destruction of the ozone layer in theSouth Pole alarmed people in the Southern Hemisphere. InAustralia, there are now three times more cases of skincancer than in the past. In New Zealand, teachers tellschoolchildren to wear hats and nor to sit in the sun.What causes the destruction of the ozone layer? Mostlychlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) . Aerosol sprays, refrigerators,air conditioners, as well as industrial chemicals, sendchlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere.Australia governmentis now trying very hard to forbidCFCs, but it is expensive and difficult to do so. Afterthe first ozone alarm in the Southern Hemisphere,ecologists allover the world asked governments to takestrict measures immediately. Some governments did, but notsoon enough. Other countries believe that they haveproblems which are more important. Now stricter measuresare going to be taken, but already a lot of damage hasbeen done.

阅读理解Traditionally, the study of history has had

阅读理解Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two

阅读理解Directions: There are 3 passages in this part each passage is followed by some questions unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage ThreDuring adolescence, the development of political ideology becomes apparent in the individual; ideology here is defined as the presence roughly consistent attitudes, more or less organized in reference to a more encompassing, though perhaps tacit, set of general principles. As such, political ideology is dim or absent at the beginning of adolescence. Its acquisition by the adolescent, in even the most modest sense, requires the acquisition of relatively, sophisticated cognitive skills: the ability to manage abstractness, synthesize and generalize, to imagine the future. These are accompanied by a steady advance in the ability to understand principles.The child’ s rapid acquisition of political knowledge also promotes the growth of political ideology during adolescence. By knowledge I mean more than the dreary “facts”, such as the composition of county government that the child is exposed to in the conventional ninth- grade cities course. Nor do I mean only information on current political realities. These are facets of knowledge, but they are less critical than the adolescent’s absorption, often unwitting, of a feeling for those many unspoken assumptions about the political system that comprise the common ground of understanding— for example, what the state can appropriately demand of its citizens, and vice versa, or the proper relationship of government to subsidiary social institutions, such as the schools and churches. Thus political knowledge is the awareness of social assumptions and relationships as well as of objective facts. Much of the naiveté that characterizes the younger adolescent’ s grasp of politics stems not from an ignorance of “facts” but from conventions of the system, of what is and is not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done.Yet I do not want to overemphasize the significance of increased political knowledge informing adolescent ideology. Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization, by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition, has been misled about the tempo of political understanding m adolescence. Just as young children can count numbers in series without grasping the principle of ordination, young adolescents may have in their heads many random bits of political information without a secure understanding of those concepts that would give order and meaning to the information.Like magpies, children’ s minds pick up bits and pieces of data. If you encourage them, they will drop these at your feet—Republicans and Democrats, the tripartite division of the federal system, perhaps even the capital of Massachusetts. But until the adolescent has grasped the encompassing function that concepts and principles provide, the data remain fragmented, random, disordered.

阅读理解Passage 4Directions: Read the passage and judge: based on the article, are these statements true or false?One in three households across Britain is now dependent on the state for at least half its income, it emerged today. Official government figures indicate that more than seven million households are getting most of their income from government welfare payments. The figures also reveal the huge gulf in welfare dependency between single parent and two-parent households.The figures were quoted in a report by Civitas, a right- wing think-tank, and it is scathing about how New Labour welfare policy has been designed to “create grateful voters rather than independent people” . In many single- parent homes with two children, the proportion of families that would be financially crippled without state support is now as high as 61 per cent. That compares with just 9% in a state support is now as high as 61 per two-parent home.The figures, prepared by the Department for Work and Pensions but cited today in the new report from Civitas, paint a stark picture of how Britain’ s dependency culture has grown over the last few decades. Gordon Brown has been repeatedly attacked for building up a society heavily reliant on tax credits and other state aid. The Chancellor’ s tax credits scheme was “only the most prominent example of welfare policies intended to create a grateful electorate rather than free-thinking citizens” ; the report says.However, the report also suggests that David Cameron’ s Conservatives are worried about seeming uncaring, and therefore not ready to take drastic action and copy American-style policies that have produced huge drops in benefit claims in the United States. 　 The claim was denied by a spokesman for the shadow chancellor, George Osbome, who said the Tories were developing policies to reduce the size of Mr. Brown’ s state.According to David Green from Civitas, the author of the report, data on the real state of state dependency have only been collected for the last five years or so. But he estimated that the proportion of households dependent on state handouts for at least 50 per cent of income had been probably as low as five per cent in the 1960s. It rose during the 1970s and 1980s, especially because of soaring unemployment under the Thatcher government.His report in the current issue of Civitas Review makes the wider point that politics is no longer providing the answers to Britain’ s problems. The Blair years had “tested to destruction” the notion that big spending on health, education and welfare was the answer. There was a widespread perception that high crime, failing schools, unsustainable immigration and the low quality of the NHS were “not being properly confronted by our political leaders” .Mr. Green went on: Even Conservatives who are concerned about the failure of public sector monopolies in health and education are slow to criticize the Blair Government’ s approach” . That-was because “they know that calling for a reduced role for the state in health and education is to invite being caricatured as uncaring” . Mr. Green urged the Tories not to accept the modem view that individual action and liberty were the same as “selfish individualism.A government spokesman last night defended the scale of state help, saying: “It is thanks to our system of tax credits and the New Deal that we have two million more people in work than in 1997. We have also raised hundreds of thousands of children out of poverty. ” The analysis of benefit dependency, based on the latest DWP statistics, will strike a chord with a report from the Reform, another right-wing think-tank. Last year it warned that the Government had created a benefits regime that actively dissuades millions from bettering their position” .Frank Field, the Labour former welfare minister, has also called for the system to be reformed. Welfare should be “a floor on which people built and not a ceiling which made it impossible for them to pass through” , Mr. Field said. Last night David Laws, the Liberal Democrat’ s welfare spokesman, also accused the Chancellor of helping to bolster the dependency culture.The shadow chancellor Mr. Osborne said: “Under Gordon Brown the role of the state has multiplied and government has got bigger and bigger. This is exactly the opposite of what a competitive enterprise economy needs. ”

阅读理解Practically speaking, the artistic maturing

作文题to produce a clean fair copy. 

作文题Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic: Should “ Golden Week ” be Canceled? You should write at least 400 words. Write you composition on the answer sheet. 

作文题Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic: Stop Academic Cheating on Campus. You should write at least 400 words. Write your composition on the answer sheet. 

作文题Directions: In this part you are required to write a composition on the topic: Private cars vs. public traffic. You should write at least 400 words. Write your composition on the answer sheet. 

作文题Directions: For this part you are required to write a composition on the topic: Overseas Study at an Early Age. You should write at least 400 words. Write your composition on the answer sheet. 

单选题As the debate of women's rights continued, the women's movement began to (gain ground), but soon it received a major setback.

单选题Unless he drops the charge we’ ll have to buy him off.

单选题On a Windows screen, there will roll down many more buttons when you hit the “Tools” button.

单选题I can’t tell the time because the _____ of the clock have been removed.