翻译题Now the Bank of China also deals in such business as project financing, medium and long-term export credits, cash management, international syndicated loans， bonds, swaps and practicing the management of assets and liabilities with a view to limiting the interest rate and exchange rate risks and to achieving rational coordination of profitability, liquidity and security of its funds.

翻译题Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese or English respectively.We are interested in the samples you sent to on July 4 and have decided to place a trial order for 300 kilo of black tea and 400 kilo of golden sugar, but only if you can guarantee dispatch in time to reach us by the end of July.

翻译题1

复合题Passage 2In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory ofteninvolves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could beproduced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases arepictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not asyet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory.If observations confirm the scientists’ predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do notconfirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, orthe theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performingexperiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Pioneered said,“Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot becalled science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about aparticular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of theinvestigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond theknown facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to testhypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. Whenhypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.In the fourth paragraph, the author implies that imagination is most important to scientists when they _____.

复合题Nowadays everybody must be familiar with the words “pollution” and “population” . They are so well known that they from the subject of many a polite dinner-table discussion. The assembled company will nod its heads wisely and agree that “Something must be done” . Or perhaps a short argument will ensure: for there are those will claim that these problems have been exaggerated, who will laugh mockingly at people they call “doomsday ecologists” .Yet nobody can deny that pollution is rampant. The atmosphere is filthy. The introduction of smokeless zones has prevented pollution in the air from chimney and fires, but what of the fumes which pour out of cars, lorries and areoplanes? By the side of motorways the air is hazy and thick with the bitter sickly smell of burnt oil.Poisonous fumes from factories have sometimes made acres of surrounding land barren. Nor is the problem confined to land. Tons and tons of untreated chemical waste are pumped daily into rivers and the sea, and dead fish are to be seen floating in the water and washed up on the shores of seas , lakes and streams, while lethal oil slicks floating on the surface of the sea bring death to millions of sea- birds. Meanwhile, we are cheerfully using up the world’ s resources, and making needless water. Non-returnable bottles are convenient for manufactures but encourage litter, are often dangerous to dispose of and above all have merely to be replaced by others. Plastic, that wonderful substance is extremely difficult to dispose of at all. Yet now we make furniture out of it, while nearly all our goods are gaily and often unnecessarily wrapped up in it. This is to make us buy more, of course, and spend more. But alas, even food is short supply, for there are too many people in the world, and our number is growing rapidly.The more people, the more consumption, the more wastage of resources. The more people the world has to support, the more it will have to educate to face dwindling supplies. All people have an equal right to live, so why are some starving while others have enough to eat, and more? Surely at more rates, we must not eat more than we need, or waste what we don’ t.In London, the two monster problems have confronted each other threateningly for some time. Now, perhaps, pollution is winning. The place is grinding to a halt. People who do menial work cannot afford the high prices of accommodation, and they may be scandalously exploited by unscrupulous landlords. The population in such areas may be dense, with whole families squeezed into the room, yet the increasing number of derelict houses in the same areas tells another story.People who may go outside London to seek jobs, but they find many other cities have the same problems, albeit to a lesser extent. Filth and high prices have combined to make London and some other centers depressing places to live in. Depression fosters crime and violence, and these latter are increasing. The community, at a loss, is beginning to destroy itself.Who is to blame? The police, say some people, for not keeping order over traffic or criminals. The teachers, say the parents, who don’ t educate the kids right Then there are the transport workers. They are to blame for the rush hours, traffic jams and the daily misery of getting to and from work on too few buses.Is it surprising, then, that these three central groups of workers should be in short supply in London? Neither in policemen, teachers nor transport workers are highly paid. They work long, hard and sometimes dangerous hours, for which they receive little thanks from the community at large, since their presence is taken for granted. They are only noticed to be criticized. The teachers leave: many schools can only give their children part-time education. Juvenile boredom, then delinquency, increases. There are too few policemen to cope. The bus drivers, or the underground drivers go on strike for better pay and condition, and so the whole metropolis is gradually coming to a standstill.Politicians say we aren’ t to worry. We have only to vote for them and they will pull all to right. Yet, when elected, they seem to forget about the vast, amorphous, everyday problems that surround us.So, what with one thing and another, you see no way out, Like nearly all of us you just give up because you have a normal hard day’ s work ahead of you and you haven’ t the energy even to begin to cope with anything extra. Pollution, population; these problems can wait, you say. BUT THEY CAN’ T.According to the author, what’ s the connection between “population” and “pollution” ?

复合题People with disabilities comprise a large part of the population. It is estimated that over 35 million Americans have physical, mental, or other disabilities. About half of these disabilities are “developmental”, i.e., they occur prior to the individual’s 22nd birthday, often from genetic conditions, and are severe enough to affect three or more areas of development, such as mobility, communication, employment, etc. Most of the other disabilities are considered “adventitious”, i.e., accidental or caused by outside forces.Prior to the 20th century, only a small percentage of people with disabilities survived for long. Medical treatment for these disabilities was unavailable. Advancements in medicine and social services have created a climate in which people with disabilities can expect to have such basic needs as food, shelter, and medical treatment. Unfortunately, these basics are often not available. Civil liberties such as the right to vote, the right to get an education, and the right to gain employment have historically been denied on the basis of disability.In recent decades, the disability rights movement has been organized to fight against these infringements of civil rights. Congress responded by passing major legislation recognizing people with disabilities as a protected class under civil rights laws.Still today, people with disabilities must fight to live their lives independently. It is estimated that more than half of qualified American disabled people are unemployed and a majority of those who do work are underemployed. About two-thirds live at or below the official poverty level.Significant barriers, especially in transportation and public awareness, prevent disabled people from taking part in society. For example, while no longer prohibited by law from marrying, a person with no access to transportation is effectively excluded from community and social activities which might lead to the development of long-term relationships.It will only be when public attitudes advance as far as laws have that disabled people will be fully able to take their rightful place in society.

复合题Inthissection,youwillreadapassage.Answerthequestionsafterreadingthepassage.Writeyouranswerontheanswersheet.JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany.Itwon’thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataself-servicegasstation.Butmomentslaterashewaspayingthemoneyhesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStatesforevery20seconds.IfCurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itismajormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200,000carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinanarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductindepthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation,notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate’s65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate’sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically-simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletouseadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.

复合题Directions: There are two passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions. For each of themthere are four choices marked A. B. C. and D. You shouldchoose the best answer and write it down on your AnswerSheet. (2 points for each question)Passage OneAgriculture has fueled the eruption of human civilization.Efficiently raised, affordable crops and livestock feedour growing population, and hunger has largely beeneliminated from the developed world as a result. Yet thereare reasons to believe that we are beginning to losecontrol of our great agricultural machine. The security ofour food supply is at risk in ways more harmful thananyone had feared.Orchards in Florida and California are falling to fast-moving diseases with no known cure. And as entomologistsDiana Cos-Foster and Dennis van Engelsdorp describe in“Saving the Honey bee, ” a mysterious disease has killedhoneybee colonies around the U. S. , threatening anagricultural system that is utterly dependent on bees topollinate crops. The illness may be in part the result ofthe stresses imposed on bees by this uniquely modernsystem.Now, new evidence indicates that our agriculturalpractices are leading directly to the spread of humandisease. Much has been made in recent years of MRSA, anantibiotic-resistant bacteria, MRSA infections caused thedeaths of nearly 19, 000 Americans. The disease firstdeveloped in hospitals. The killer bacterium is aninevitable evolutionary response to the wide-spread use ofantibiotics but has since found a home in locker rooms,prisons and child care facilities. Now the bacteria havespread to the farm.Perhaps we should not be surprised. Modem factory farmskeep so many animals in such a small space that theanimals must be given low doses of antibiotics to shieldthem from the terrible conditions. The drug-resistantbacteria that emerge have now entered our food supply. Thefirst study to investigate farm-bred MRSA in the U. S. —amazingly, the Food and Drug Administration has shownlittle interest in testing the nation’ s livestock forthis disease—recently found that 49% of pigs and 45% ofpig workers in the survey harbored the bacteria.In April 2008, a high-profile commission of scientists,farmers, doctors and veterinarians recommended that theFDA phase out the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics infarm animal production. The FDA agreed and soon announcedthat it would ban the use of one widespread antibioticexcept for strictly stated medical purposes. But five daysbefore the ban was set to take effect, the agency quietlyreversed its position. Although no official reason wasgiven, the opposition of the powerful farm lobby is widelythought to have played a role.This is just one example of a food production system thatprotects a narrow set of interests over the nation’ spublic health. Simple measures such as the reestablishmentof the FDA’ s initial ruling are necessary and importantsteps. But Congress needs to take a far more comprehensiveapproach to adjust the country’ s agricultural prioritieswith its health priorities, to eliminate subsidies thatencourage factory farming, and to encourage the growth ofpolyculture and good old-fashioned crop rotation in the U.S. As the world is quickly learning, a civilization canonly be as healthy as its food supply.

复合题Directions: Please read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only the information from the passage you have just read and write

复合题Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage oneCan electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a causal link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields those having very long wave-lengths — and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer. While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans. “The report is no reason to panic — or even to lose sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’ s own magnetic field. The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33- page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link. “Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer, ” the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would approve the release of this report. ” Then Pentagon’ s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.

复合题Think of the solitude felt by Marie Smith before she died earlier this year in her native Alaska, at 89. She was the last person who knew the language of the Eyak people as a mother-tongue. Or imagine Ned Mandrell, who died in 1974, he was the last native speaker of Manx, similar to Irish and Scots Gaelic. Both these people had the comfort of being surrounded, some of the time, by enthusiasts who knew something precious was vanishing and tried to record and learn they could of a vanishing tongue. In remote parts of the world, dozens more people are on the point of taking to their graves a system of communication that will never be recorded or reconstructed.Does it matter? Plenty of languages among them Akkadian, Etruscan, Tangut and Chibcha —have gone the way of the dodo, without causing much trouble to posterity. Should anyone lose sleep over the fact that many tongues from Manchu (spoken in China) to Hua (Botswana) and Gwich’ in (Alaska) are in danger of suffering a similar fate?Compared with groups who lobby to save animals or trees, campaigners who lobby to presence languages are themselves a rare breed. But they are trying both to mitigate and publicise an alarming acceleration in the rate at which languages are vanishing. Of some 6, 900 tongues spoken in the world today, some 50% to 90% could be gone by the end of the century. In Africa, at least 300 languages are in near-term danger, and 200 more have died recently or are on the verge of death. Some 145 languages are threatened in East and South-East Asia.Some languages, even robust ones, face an obvious threat in the shape of a political power bent on imposing a majority tongue. A youngster in any part of the Soviet Union soon realised that whatever you spoke at home, mastering Russian was the key to success. Nor did English reach its present global status without ruthless tactics. In years past, Americans, Canadians and Australians took native children away from their families to be raised at boarding schools where English rules. In all the Celtic fringes of the British Isles there are bitter memories of children being punished for speaking the wrong language.But in an age of mass communications, the threats to linguistic diversity are less draconian and more spontaneous. Parents stop using traditional tongues, thinking it will be better for their children to grow up using a dominant language (such as Swahili in Last Africa) or a global one (such as English or Spanish) . And even if parents try to keep the old speech alive, their efforts can be doomed by films and computer games.The result is a growing list of tongues spoken only by white-haired elders. A book edited by Peter Austin, an Australian linguist, gives some examples: Njerep, one of 31 endangered languages counted in Cameroon, reportedly has only four speakers left, all over 60. The valleys of the Caucasus used to be a paradise for linguists in search of unusual syntax, but Ubykh, one of the region’ s baffling tongues, officially expired in 1992.The effort to keep languages alive can lead to hard arguments, especially where limited funds are available to spend on education and official communications. In both America and Britain, some feel that, whatever people speak at home, priority should go to making sure that children know English well.But supporters of linguistic diversity make strong arguments too. Nicholas Ostler, a scholar who heads the Foundation for Endangered Languages, a non-profit group based in Britain, says multilingual children do better academically than monolingual ones. He rejects the notion that a common tongue helps to avoid war: think of Rwanda, Bosnia and Vietnam.Mark Alber, a Canadian writer, says the protection of endangered species is closely linked to the preservation of tongues. On a recent expedition in Australia, a rare turtle was found to have two varieties; a dying but rich native language, Gagudju, had different words for each kind.Thanks to electronics, saviours of languages have better tools than ever before; words and sounds can easily be posted on the Internet, Education techniques are improving, too. In New Zealand Maori-speakers have formed “language nest” , in which grandparents coach toddlers in the old tongue. Australia’ s dying Kamilaroi language was boosted by pop songs teenagers liked. But whatever tricks or technology are used, the only test of a language’ s viability is everyday life. “The way to save languages is to speak them, ’ ’ says Mr. Austin. ‘‘People have to talk to people”

复合题Directions: In this section there are three passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage twoCome on — Everybody’ s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as Love Life recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising， and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic- health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. ” Dare to be different, please don’ t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers- teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’ s presented here is that it doesn’ t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the Love Life program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’ s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’ s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

复合题ConcernfortheenvironmentintheUSextendsbackintothenineteenthcentury,whennatureloversandsportsenthusiastsfirstsoughtprotectionforareasofexceptionalnaturalbeautyorsignificance.Butitwasnotuntilthelate1960sthatenvironmentalconcernsenteredthemainstreamoftheAmericanpoliticaldebate.BythenmanyAmericanshadcometotheconclusionthatmoredevelopmentwasnotnecessarilydesirable,especiallyifitmeantmorepollutedair,dyinglakesandrivers,andalandscapestrewnwithunsightlywaste,andcrowdedwithsprawlingconstructionprojects.InMayof1970,severalenvironmentalgroupsstagedthefirstEarthDaycelebration,designedtoheightenpublicawarenessofenvironmentalproblems.Thesuccessofthatinitialeffortledtoitbecomingaregularnationalevent.Duringthe1950sand1960s,industrialandvehiclepollutionlevelshadbecomeaseriousthreattopublichealth,sotheenvironmentalmovementofthisperiodfocusedheavilyonrestoringandensuringthecleanlinessofbasicairandwatersupplies.Rapidlyexpandingdevelopmentpressureswerealsospurringeffortstopreserveuniquelandsandthreatenedwildlifehabitats,andtoprotecttheendangeredspeciessupportedbythembeforetheyvanishedintoextinction.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheenvironmentalprotectionmovementwassosuccessfulbecauseofitsgrassrootssupport;groupsofactivistsinhundredsoftownsthattooktheinitiativeincleaninguptheirowncommunities.Duringthe1970s,thislocalactivismreinforcedsupportforthepassageofkeylawsatthenationallevel,suchastheCleanWaterAct,CleanAirAct,EndangeredSpeciesAct,andNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct,whichtogetherhaveconstitutedthefoundationforenvironmentalstandardsintheUSeversince.Inadditiontothisnationallegislation,theyearafterthefirstEarthDay,byexecutiveorder,PresidentNixonestablishedtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA);anorganizationdedicatedtorestoringandprotectingtheenvironment.TheEPAspearheadedmanycontemporaryeffortstoprotecttheenvironment,butitwasnotworkingalone.Itwasalliedwithawidevarietyofdistinctlydifferentandseparateorganizationsrangingfromasmallnumberofwell-fundedhigh-profilenationalandinternationalorganizationstomanythousandsofsmallerspecialinterestgroupsandevenindividualsworkingatthelocallevel.TheEPAhasnowbecomeoneofthegovernmentslargestandmostinfluentialregulatoryagencies.Throughitsowneffortsandincooperationwithotherorganizations,ithasearnedalargemeasureofcreditforprotectingandrestoringthequalityoftheenvironmentintheUnitedStates.Althoughonemightassumethatthecauseofenvironmentalprotectionwouldengenderuniversalsupport,itdoeshaveitsdetractors.Onecriticismthathasbeenleveledagainstthemovementistheclaimthatitspredictionsaboutthedireconsequencesofenvironmentaldamagehaveoftenbeeninerror.Environmentalistscounterthisassertionbypointingoutthattheirwarningshaveoftenbroughtaboutchangesonthepartofthepublic,thegovernmentandprivateindustry,andthatthesechangespreventedthepredictionsfrombeingrealized.However,justasitisoftenverydifficulttogaugetheimpactofhumanactivityonsomethingascomplexastheenvironment,itisequallydifficulttodeterminewhichsideisrightinthisdebate.Becauseenvironmentalissuescoversuchawiderangeofconcerns,thisisaquestionthatmustbeconsideredonacasebycasebasis.Thesevoicesofdissenthavedemonstratedtoenvironmentaliststheneedtoapplyquantitativemethodsinassessingtheextentofthedestructiontheyhavewitnessed,orthedegreetowhichtheirworkhasbeenmanifestedinactualimprovementoftheenvironment.Howevervocalthecriticsofenvironmentalprotectioneffortsmaybe,giventheveryconsiderablebodyofenvironmentallegislationthatexists,itissafetoassumethattheirviewsdonotrepresentthemajorityopinion.Privateadvocacygroups,theEPA,statelegislaturesandCongresshaveworkedtogethertoenactnumerouslawsregardingairandwaterquality,landuseandwastemanagement.Thatshouldbeevidenceenoughofthebroadextentofthepopularsupportthatunderliesthemovement.

复合题Directions: In this part, there are several passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best

复合题Theconceptofnormsisimportantintworespectsinlinguisticapproachestotranslation.Ontheonehand,theyareconcernedwiththelinguisticnormsofthetwolanguages,i.e.howtoproduceutterancesandtextsthatarecorrectaccordingtotherespectiverulesandnorms.Ontheotherhand,therelationsandregularitiesbetweenthetwolinguisticsystemsthatwerediscoveredonthebasisofcontrastiveanalyseswere“translated”intoguidelinesorrulesforthetranslator,mostlywithprescriptiveintent(cf.frequentlyencounteredformulationssuchas“translatorsmustnot…,should…”etc.).Translationproceduresandsimilarguidelines,however,wereformulatedinarathergeneralwayandgavetheimpressionthattheyareapplicablethroughout.Achosentargetlanguageformmaywellbecorrectaccordingtotherulesofthelanguagesystem,butthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthetextasawholeappropriatelyfulfilsitscommunicativefunctioninthetargetlanguagesituationandculture.Sincewedonottranslatewordsorgrammaticalforms,buttextswithaspecificcommunicativefunction,thelimitationsofanarrowlinguisticapproachsoonbecameobvious.Thus,alogicaldevelopmentwasthatinthe1970s,theinsightsandapproachesoftext-linguistics,anew(sub-)disciplineof(applied)linguistics,wereadoptedintranslationstudies.Thus,regularitiesofthetextitself,ofthegenre,andofthecontextweregivenmoreconsideration.

复合题Directions: In this section, there are 2 passages eachwith 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read thepassage carefully. Then answer the questions or completethe statements in no more than 10 words. Write youranswers on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1I was really moved when Come Together struck up at theLondon 2012 opening ceremony. Apart from the sentiment thesong expressed, I loved the fact that a young band fromSheffield was performing it—not because I don’ t thinkMacca still has it in him, but because young people drawtheir inspiration from people they can identify with.This is why in 2006, following London’s successful bid tohost the 2012 Olympics, UK Sport, in partnership withUNICEF and British Council, designed InternationalInspiration to take previously inaccessible sportsactivities to children in the world’s poorestcommunities. A lot of International Inspiration isdelivered by locally trained Young Sports Leaders. It isthis peer dynamic, a powerful force in all countries ofour youthful world, which recreates what The Beatles didthrough music—bringing people together.Sport inspires young people, and not just with dreams ofbecoming an athlete; it can influence how they approacheveryday decisions and equip them with life-changingskills. It is also a powerful aid to overcoming social andpolitical barriers. And so, in 20 countries around theworld from the favelas of Rio to townships of SouthAfrica, London 2012 set out to do what no other Olympichost had ever done before—-extend the social legacy ofthese amazing global games beyond the borders of the hostnation.As the JCSs were churning the soil of Stratford, UK Sport,UNICEF and the British Council were already at work withnational governments, sports federations and Non-profitOrganizations (NGOs) to build the foundations to providemillions of young people worldwide with their own Olympicexperience.We aspired to give 12 million children access to highquality sport, and at the outset that seemed an imaginetoo far. But as I watched the opening ceremony last week Iknew that almost 13 million children have now benefited.Seeing athletes enter the stadium so proudly behind theirflags was a great reminder of the pride, joy anduniversality of sport in all parts of the world as Mandelaonce said, Sport has the power to change lives.International Inspiration is now proof of that. I am soproud that our strategic cooperation with partners in 20countries is strengthening existing school and youth sportstructures and reaching individual teachers, coaches andyoung people on a massive scale. What’ s more, everycountry programme is different. Here are some of myfavorite examples of the impact International Inspirationis having.In Bangladesh, where 17, 000 children a year die fromdrowning, International Inspiration in partnership withthe Center of Injury Prevention and Research Bangladesh,created the SafeSwim programme, giving 4-10 year-olds thechance to swim by training coaches in their localcommunities.In Azerbaijan, International Inspiration has inspired thefirst registered NGO, housed in the offices of theNational Olympic Committee, dedicated to training localcoaches to deliver sports activities to disabled learners.In Mozambique, International Inspiration has moved thegovernment to change its attitude to PE and school sportby helping to convene a Task Force of key officials with amission to drive forward sport participation in education.As we see young girls in rural India progressing formlimited domestic social roles to local sports coaches torespected village leadership positions throughInternational Inspiration, the potential for sport toassist the achievement of wider global development goalsis slowly gaining more recognition.If the Olympic teach us anything, it’ s that the youngpeople’ s potential is limitless. Jessica Ennis, TeamGB’ s star heptathlete, achieved 4 personal bests in thespace of a week, whist a new star, Helen Glover,identified by UK Sport’ s Sporting Giants initiative 4year ago, won Team GB’ s first gold medal.At the Mexico Games in 1968, just the year before TheBeatles released Come Together, the closing ceremony wasthe first to be transmitted in color. It seems anotherworld now. As all eyes fix on the closing ceremony thisweekend, in 3-D for some lucky viewers, I hope that London2012 is remembered not just for the positive meaning ithas had for young Brits, but for the millions of livesbeyond these “Isles of Wonder” that have been touched byInternational Inspiration, the Olympic Games’ firstsocial legacy programme.

复合题Passage BDavid Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations:Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, credits the worlds economic and social progress over the last thousand years to “Western civilization and its dissemination. ” The reason, he believes, is that Europeans invented systematic economic growth. First, science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constraints of organized religion and from the political constraints of centralized authority. Though European lacked a political center, its scholars benefited from the use of single vehicle of communication: Latin. This common tongue facilitated an adversarial discourse in which new ideas about the physical world could be tested, demonstrated, and then accepted across the continent and eventually across the world. Second, Landes espouses a generalized form of Max Webers thesis that the values of work, initiative, and in vestment made the difference for Europe. Despite his emphasis on science, Landes does not stress the nation of rationality as such.In his views, “what counts is work, thrift, honesty,patience, [and] tenacity. ” The only route to economic success for individuals or states is working hard, spending less than you earn, and investing the rest in productive capacity. This is his fundamental explanation of the problem posed by his books subtitle: “Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. ” For historical reasons—an emphasis on private property, an experience of political pluralism, a temperate climate, and an urban style—Europeans have, on balance, followed those practices and therefore have prospered. Third, and perhaps most important, Europeans were learners. They “learned rather greedily, ” as Joel Mokyr put it in a review of Landes book. Even if Europeans possessed indigenous technologies that gave them an advantage (spectacles, for example) , as Landes believes they did, their most vital asset was the ability to assimilate knowledge from around the world and put it to use—as in borrowing the concept of zero and rediscovering Aristotles Logic from the Arabs and taking paper and gunpowder from the Chinese via the Muslim world. Lnades argues that a systematic resistance to learning from other cultures had become the greatest handicap of the Chinese by the 18th Century and remains the greatest handicap of Arab countries today.Although his analysis of European expansion is almost nonexistent, Landes doesnt argue that Europeans were beneficent bearers of civilization to benighted world. Rather, he relies on his own commonsense law: “When one group is strong enough to push another around and standsto gain by it, it will do so. ” In contrast to the new school of world historians, Landes believes that specific cultural values enabled technological advances that in turn made some Europeans strong enough to dominate people in other parts of the world. Europeans therefore proceeded to do so with great viciousness and cruelty. By focusing on their victimization in this process, Landes holds, some postcolonial states have wasted energy that could have been put into productive work and investment. If one could sum up Landess advice to these states in one sentence, it might be “Stop whining and get to work. ” This is particularly important, indeed hopeful, advice, he would argue, because success is not permanent. Advantages are not fixed, gains from trade are unequal, and different societies react differently to market signals. Therefore, not only is there hope for undeveloped countries, but developed countries have little cause to be complacent, because the current situation “will press hard” on them.The thrust of studies like Landess is to identify those distinctive features of European civilization that lie behind.Europes rise to power and the creation of modernity more generally. Other historians have placed a greater emphasis on such features as liberty, individualism, and Christianity. In a review essay, the art historian Craig Clunas listed some of the less well-known linkages that have been proposed between Western culture and modernity, including the propensities to think the quantitatively, enjoys pornography, and consumes sugar. All such proposals assume the fundamental aptness of the question: What elements of European civilization led to European success? It is a short leap from this assumption to outright triumphalism. The paradigmatic book of this school is, of course, The End of History and the Last Man, in which Francis Fukuyama argues that after the collapse of the Nazism and communism in the 20th Century, the only remaining model for human organization in the industrial and communications ages is a combination of market economics and limited, pluralist, democratic government.According to Landes, the main reason that some countries are so poor is that _____.

复合题WHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever- expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree.But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1, 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 year’ s time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50, 000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1, 068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100, 000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to other quality newspapers’ too. ) As soon as the committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’ t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50, 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls. There remains the dinner-party game of who’ s in, who’ s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America) .It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not yew memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: “Whether or not Hugo was a wall- painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility. ” Then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN’ s 3) , such as Roy Strong’ s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ” Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory. ” Doesn’ t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist? Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, ” except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke” .On the issue of who should be included in the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that _____.

复合题Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-ColoredMan. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

复合题Withswellingnumbersofretireesandslowlydecliningnumbersofworkers,pensionprovisionisadelicatebalancingactbetweencaringforonegenerationwhohaveworkedandcontributedtotheexistingsystemandensuringtherightsoffuturegenerations.Withthisinmind,governmentshaveundertakenreformsthatwillgenerallyleavepeoplewithlowerretirementincomerelativetopre-retirementincomecomparedwithtoday’spensioners.Tocompensatefordecreasingreplacementrates,incentiveshavebeenintroducedtofosterfundedoccupationalandprivatepensionplans.Thismeansthatinthefuture,pensioners’incomemixwilldiffer:thepreviouslydominantfirstpillar(statepensions)willgivewaytofundedelements;definedbenefit(DB)willmovetowarddefinedcontribution(DC)schemes;andfamilysupportstructurestowardmoreformalizedpublicones(asinAsia).Butintheend,thequestionremains:willtoday’semployeesreceiveanadequateretirementincometomaintaintheirstandardoflivingwhentheyretire,orriskanincomeshortfall,orevenpoverty?Thereisno“one-size-fits-all”answer.Adequacycanbedefinedasasocialstandard,suchasthepovertyline,asapercentageofpre-retirementincomeorwithinthelifecycleframework,inwhichcaseitoftenimpliesmaintainingacertainstandardofliving.Itmightevenbemoreappropriatetoalignadequacytothespecialexpenditureneedsofelderlypeople.Togainaninsightintothequestionofadequacy,InternationalPensionshascreatedaRetirementIncomeAdequacy(RIA)Indicator.Thisisbasedonawiderapproachtowardretirementincomethanpreviousstudies,asittakesmoresourcesofincomeandfactorsinfluencingexpenditureneedsintoaccount.Wehaveranked49countriesaccordingtotheirpotentialtoprovideadequateretirementincomebasedonthestagesofpensionsystemdevelopment,aswellastheirsocialandeconomicbackground.Ingeneral,pensionsystemswithmaturefundedpillarsindevelopedcountriescomeatthetopofRIArankings.TheNetherlandsleads,followedbyDenmark,Norway,Switzerland,Japan,theUSandAustria.Swedenfollowsclosebehind.TheNetherlands,Denmark,Switzerland,theUSandSwedenscorehighlyfortheirfundedpillarsandscoreatahightomoderatelevelfortheirpublicpension.Theyadditionallyshowstrengthsinotherfactors,namelynon-pensionwealth,lowspendingneedsforhealthandgoodprogresswithrespecttoanextendedworkinglife.Attheotherendaredevelopingcountrieswithoutcomprehensivepensionsystems.IndonesiaandIndiascoreworst,mainlybecausetheyhavealowcoverageoftheirworking-agepopulationandanunderdevelopedfundedpillar,andfacehighout-of-pockethealthexpenditures,whichweighheavilyontheelderly’sbudgets.Malaysiascoreshigherbecauseitcanbuildonamandatoryfundedpillar.Thedownsideisthatworkerstherecandrawonthispensionpotearlysofutureretireesmightrunoutofmoney.OneoftheproblemsconfrontingmanycountriescanbeseeninthecaseofAustria.Whileitreceivesahighscoreforitsfirstpillar,makingitintothetopgroup,itsfundedpillarisunderdeveloped;itsemployeesstillhavelowretirementagesandalongtimespentinretirement.Thisisasituationwheretheflipsideoftheadequacycoinisaffected—sustainability.CountrieslikeAustria,withjustonestrongpillar,maynotbefinanciallysustainableinthelongerterm.Austriastillalsohasasignificantgapofthreeyearsbetweentheactualandofficialageofretirement(thoughBelgiumandLuxembourgarefarworse).Sucha“youthful”retirementageforasocietyexperiencingimprovinglongevitywillonlyplaceextrapressuresonthesysteminthelongrun.Asnoted,today’spensionpolicychallengeistobalancefinancialsustainabilityandtheretirementincomeadequacyof(future)retirees.Inpreviousstudies,InternationalPensionsfollowedthedevelopmentofpensionreformsintroducedasaresultofagingdemographicsanddeterioratinggovernmentfinances.ThePensionSustainabilityIndex(PSI)focusedmainlyonthefirstpillarwiththevariouscharacteristicsofpensionsystemsandthefactorsthatinfluencethem.IntheRetirementIncomeAdequacystudywecontrastthetwoforamoredetailedoverviewofthevariouspensionsystems.Intherecentreport,severalcomparisonsbetweenthedifferentpillarsaretobefound.Wecanintegratethefundedpensionschemesub-indicatorofourRIAintothecomparison.Theadequacycomponentconsistsofthetotalpensionsystem,makingup70%weightinginourindicator.Inthiscomparison,countrieswithmajorfundedpillarsmoveuptheadequacyranking:Denmark,SwitzerlandandtheUScanallbeseenasbroadlyprovidinganadequateincome.AustraliaandtheUKalsomoveup,aswellasChile,Ireland,HongKong,Malaysia,Mexico,SingaporeandCroatia,butremaininthemiddle.Thisisbecausefeaturesofthefundedpillarhaveoptionsnotfavorablefordrawingalifelongincomestream.Insomecountriesaccumulatedassetsarelowbecausethesystemisyoung,suchasinMexico.Countrieswithastrongrankingaccordingtothesub-indicator“PillarI”aremovingintheoppositedirection.InthecasesofBrazil,France,Italy,Malta,SloveniaandSpainthismightbecomeaprobleminthelongrun.WhiletheyareseenasadequatetheyarerankedasmoreorlessunsustainableinthePSI,soreformsarenecessarytoeasethelong-termburdenonpublicfinances.Sowhereisagoodplacetobearetiree?OnlyNewZealand,theNetherlands,FinlandandNorwayappeartohavecreatedpensionsystemsthatarebothadequateandsustainable.Weareawarethatsuchacomparisonhasshortcomings,buttheRIAindexdoesnotclaimtogiveanabsolutejudgmentonrespectivesystems.However,webelievetherankingcanhelpfosterdiscussionabouttheapproachestowardgeneratinganadequateincomeandaboutpolicymeasuresinplaceinvariouscountries.