复合题If you want to see what it takes to set up an entirely new financial center (and what is best avoided) , head for Dubai. This tiny, sun-baked patch of sand in the midst of a war-torn and isolated region started with few advantages other than a long tradition as a hub for Middle Eastern trade routes.But over the past few years Dubai had built a new financial center from nothing. Dozens of the worlds leading financial institutions have opened offices in its new financial district, hoping to grab a portion of the $2 trillion-plus investment from the Gulf. Some say there is more hype than business, but few big firms are willing to risk missing out.Dealmaking in Dubai centers around The Gate, a cube-shaped structure at the heart of the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) . A brainchild of the ruling Al- Maktoum family, the DIFC is a tax-free zone for wholesale financial services. Firms licensed for it are not approved to serve the local financial market. The DIFC aims to become the leading wholesale financial centre in the Gulf, offering one-stop shopping for everything from stocks to sukuk bonds, investment banking and insurance. In August the Dubai bourse made a bid for a big stake in OMX, a Scandinavian exchange operator that also sells trading technology to many of the world’ s exchanges.Dubai may have generated the biggest splash thus far, but much of the Gulf region has seen a surge of activity in recent years. Record flows of petrodollars have enabled governments in the area to spend billions on infrastructure projects and development. Personal wealth too is growing rapidly.Qatar, Bahrain and Abu Dhabi also have big aspirations for their financial hubs, though they keep a lower profile than Dubai. They, too, are trying to learn from more established financial centers what they must do to achieve the magic mix of transparent regulation, good infrastructure and low or no taxes. Some of the fiercest competition between them is for talent. Most English- speaking professionals have to be imported.Each of the Gulf hubs, though, has its own distinct characteristics. Abu Dhabi is trying to present itself as a more cultured, less congested alternative to neighboring Dubai, and is building a huge Guggenheim museum. Energy- rich Qatar is an important hub for infrastructure finance, with ambitions to develop further business in wealth management, private equity, retail banking and insurance. Bahrain is well established in Islamic banking, but it is facing new competition from London, Kuala Lumpur and other hubs that have caught on to Islamic finance. “If you’ ve got one string to your bow and suddenly someone takes it away, you’ re in trouble, ” says Stuart Pearce of the Qatar Financial Center about Bahrain.Saudi Arabia, by far the biggest economy in the Gulf, is creating a cluster of its own economic zones, including King Abdullah City, which is aimed at foreign investors seeking a presence in the country. Trying to cut down on the number of “Suitcase bankers” who fly in from nearby centers rather than live in the country， the Saudis now require firms working with them to have local business licences. Yet the bulk of the region’ s money is still flowing to established financial centre in Europe, America and other parts of Asia.The financial hubs there offer lessons for aspiring centers in other parts of the developing world. Building the confidence of financial markets takes more than new skyscrapers, tax breaks and incentives. The DIFC, for instance, initially suffered from suspicions of government meddling and from a high turnover among senior executives. Trading on its stockmarket remains thin, and the government seems unwilling to float its most successful companies there. Making the desert bloom was never easy.

复合题Colonizationisonewayinwhichplantscanchangetheecologyofasite.Colonizationisaprocesswithtwocomponents:invasionandsurvival.Therateatwhichasiteiscolonizedbyplantsdependsonboththerateatwhichindividualorganisms(seeds,spores,immatureormatureindividuals)arriveatthesiteandtheirsuccessatbecomingestablishedandsurviving.Successincolonizationdependstoagreatextentontherebeingasiteavailableforcolonization—asafesitewheredisturbancebyfireorbycuttingdownoftreeshaseitherremovedcompetingspeciesorreducedlevelsofcompetitionandothernegativeinteractionstoalevelatwhichtheinvadingspeciescanbecomeestablished.Foragivenrateofinvasion,colonizationofamoist,fertilesiteislikelytobemuchmorerapidthanthatofadry,infertilesitebecauseofpoorsurvivalonthelatter.Afertile,plowedfieldisrapidlyinvadedbyalargevarietyofweeds,whereasaneighboringconstructionsitefromwhichthesoilhasbeencompactedorremovedtoexposeacoarse,infertileparentmaterialmayremainvirtuallyfreeofvegetationformanymonthsorevenyearsdespitereceivingthesameinputofseedsastheplowedfield.Boththerateofinvasionandtherateofextinctionvarygreatlyamongdifferentplantspecies.Pioneerspecies—thosethatoccuronlyintheearlieststagesofcolonization—tendtohavehighratesofinvasionbecausetheyproduceverylargenumbersofreproductivepropagules(seeds,spores,andsoon)andbecausetheyhaveanefficientmeansofdispersal(normally,wind).Ifcolonizersproduceshort-livedreproductivepropagules,thentheymustproduceverylargenumbersunlesstheyhaveanefficientmeansofdispersaltosuitablenewhabitats.Manyplantsdependonwindfordispersalandproduceabundantquantitiesofsmall,relativelyshort-livedseedstocompensateforthefactthatwindisnotalwaysareliablemeansofreachingtheappropriatetypeofhabitat.Alternativestrategieshaveevolvedinsomeplants,suchasthosethatproducefewerbutlargerseedsthataredispersedtosuitablesitesbybirdsorsmallmammalsorthosethatproducelong-livedseeds.Manyforestplantsseemtoexhibitthelatteradaptation,andviableseedsofpioneerspeciescanbefoundinlargenumbersonsomeforestfloors.Forexample,asmanyas1,125viableseedspersquaremeterwerefoundina100-year-oldDouglasfir/westernhemlockforestincoastalBritishColumbia.Nearlyalltheseedsthathadgerminatedfromthisseedbankwerefrompioneerspecies.Therapidcolonizationofsuchsitesafterdisturbanceisundoubtedlyinpartareflectionofthelargeseedbankontheforestfloor.Anadaptationthatiswelldevelopedincolonizingspeciesisahighdegreeofvariationingermination(thebeginningofaseed’sgrowth).Seedsofagivenspeciesexhibitawiderangeofgerminationdates,increasingtheprobabilitythatatleastsomeoftheseedswillgerminateduringaperiodoffavorableenvironmentalconditions.Thisisparticularlyimportantforspeciesthatcolonizeanenvironmentwherethereisnoexistingvegetationtoameliorateclimaticextremesandinwhichtheremaybegreatclimaticdiversity.Speciessuccessioninplantcommunities,i.e.,thetemporalsequenceofappearanceanddisappearanceofspeciesisdependentoneventsoccurringatdifferentstagesinthelifehistoryofaspecies.Variationinratesofinvasionandgrowthplaysanimportantroleindeterminingpatternsofsuccession,especiallysecondarysuccession.Thespeciesthatarefirsttocolonizeasitearethosethatproduceabundantseedthatisdistributedsuccessfullytonewsites.Suchspeciesgenerallygrowrapidlyandquicklydominatenewsites,excludingotherspecieswithlowerinvasionandgrowthrates.Thefirstcommunitythatoccupiesadisturbedareathereforemaybecomposedofspecieswiththehighestrateofinvasion,whereasthecommunityofthesubsequentstagemayconsistofplantswithsimilarsurvivalratesbutlowerinvasionrates.

复合题Passage BFew great architects have been so adamant in their beliefin the integration of architecture and design as CharlesRennie Mackintosh. Clients who tried to modify his grip onevery detail of the structure, interior decoration orfurniture often ended up with the architect losing histemper—and his commission. Now, 63 years after he died,Mackintosh has found the perfect patron, in the form of a56-year-old structural engineer and fellow Glaswegiannamed Graham Roxburgh.The story begins with a competition launched in December1900 by Zeitschrift Fur Innendekoration, and innovativedesign magazine published in the German city of Darmstadt.European architects were invited to design an Art LoversHouse. Mackintosh sent in his entry in March 1901, his onechance to design a house unfettered (解开) by financialconstraints or a conservative client. But he wasdisqualified for failing to include the required number ofdrawing of the interior. He hastily completed theportfolio (作品集) , which he then resubmitted. Delightedwith the designs, the judges awarded Mackintosh a specialprize (there was no outright winner) .Publication of these drawings did much to establishMackintoshs reputation abroad as an original anddistinctive architect, particularly in Austria andGermany. The Art Lovers House is an important twentieth-century building because it anticipates the abstract formsof Modernism. At first glance it could be an illustrationfrom the thirties. Artists of the avant-garde ViennaSecession described Mackintosh as “our leader who showedus the way” —an acclaim that he was never able to gain athome. Rich Glasgow businessmen never quite took himseriously.But today Glaswegians hail Mackintosh as their localgenius. Three years ago, the enterprising Mr. Roxburgh,who has already rescued Craigie Hall, a mansion on theoutskirts of Glasgow that Mackintosh helped design,hatched a plan to build the Art Lovers House—now closeto completion on a site in Glasgows Bellahouston Park.Strathclyde Council, the Scottish Development Agency andthe Scottish Tourist Board have picked up a third of thehefty (相当多的) ￡ 3 million bill. Roxburgh has raised therest through sponsorship and private loans.The original designs contradict each other in places.Details of the elaborate external stone carving and muchof the furniture and fittings for the main interiors—which will be open to the public—are exact, butMackintosh gave no indication of what should be done withthe lower ground floor or the roof spaces. No matter, forthe area will be rented out as offices to recoup some ofthe costs. The plans have been meticulously (仔细地)interpreted by Andy McMillan of Glasgows MackintoshSchool of Architecture and the furniture made by an expertcabinet-maker.The elegant, mysterious music-room is lit by tall windowsalong one side; the vertical lines are repeated in theelongated female figures embroidered on linen that hang inthe recesses, in the clusters of coloured lamps suspendedon slender wires and the uncomfortable high-backed chairs.The whole effect culminates (达到顶点) in the strangesuperstructure of the piano.What would Mackintosh have made of the Art Lovers house?The is a danger it will be all too perfect, like thoseexpensive reproduction Mackintosh chairs you find in shinymagazines or on the dust-free floors of design buffs. YetRoxburghs attention to detail and refusal to cut comersmakes him a man after Mackintoshs heart. He is nowhunting for an extra $300, 000 to complete the interiorsaccording to his exacting requirements.According to the author, Mackintosh decided to enter the competition because _____.

复合题Passage BFew great architects have been so adamant in their beliefin the integration of architecture and design as CharlesRennie Mackintosh. Clients who tried to modify his grip onevery detail of the structure, interior decoration orfurniture often ended up with the architect losing histemper—and his commission. Now, 63 years after he died,Mackintosh has found the perfect patron, in the form of a56-year-old structural engineer and fellow Glaswegiannamed Graham Roxburgh.The story begins with a competition launched in December1900 by Zeitschrift Fur Innendekoration, and innovativedesign magazine published in the German city of Darmstadt.European architects were invited to design an Art LoversHouse. Mackintosh sent in his entry in March 1901, his onechance to design a house unfettered (解开) by financialconstraints or a conservative client. But he wasdisqualified for failing to include the required number ofdrawing of the interior. He hastily completed theportfolio (作品集) , which he then resubmitted. Delightedwith the designs, the judges awarded Mackintosh a specialprize (there was no outright winner) .Publication of these drawings did much to establishMackintoshs reputation abroad as an original anddistinctive architect, particularly in Austria andGermany. The Art Lovers House is an important twentieth-century building because it anticipates the abstract formsof Modernism. At first glance it could be an illustrationfrom the thirties. Artists of the avant-garde ViennaSecession described Mackintosh as “our leader who showedus the way” —an acclaim that he was never able to gain athome. Rich Glasgow businessmen never quite took himseriously.But today Glaswegians hail Mackintosh as their localgenius. Three years ago, the enterprising Mr. Roxburgh,who has already rescued Craigie Hall, a mansion on theoutskirts of Glasgow that Mackintosh helped design,hatched a plan to build the Art Lovers House—now closeto completion on a site in Glasgows Bellahouston Park.Strathclyde Council, the Scottish Development Agency andthe Scottish Tourist Board have picked up a third of thehefty (相当多的) ￡ 3 million bill. Roxburgh has raised therest through sponsorship and private loans.The original designs contradict each other in places.Details of the elaborate external stone carving and muchof the furniture and fittings for the main interiors—which will be open to the public—are exact, butMackintosh gave no indication of what should be done withthe lower ground floor or the roof spaces. No matter, forthe area will be rented out as offices to recoup some ofthe costs. The plans have been meticulously (仔细地)interpreted by Andy McMillan of Glasgows MackintoshSchool of Architecture and the furniture made by an expertcabinet-maker.The elegant, mysterious music-room is lit by tall windowsalong one side; the vertical lines are repeated in theelongated female figures embroidered on linen that hang inthe recesses, in the clusters of coloured lamps suspendedon slender wires and the uncomfortable high-backed chairs.The whole effect culminates (达到顶点) in the strangesuperstructure of the piano.What would Mackintosh have made of the Art Lovers house?The is a danger it will be all too perfect, like thoseexpensive reproduction Mackintosh chairs you find in shinymagazines or on the dust-free floors of design buffs. YetRoxburghs attention to detail and refusal to cut comersmakes him a man after Mackintoshs heart. He is nowhunting for an extra $300, 000 to complete the interiorsaccording to his exacting requirements.If Mackintosh could see the Art Lover’ s House now, the author feels he would probably _____.

复合题Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintingincriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternitywhereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttotroveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass.,andDanielL.HartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone,inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatternsmethodsareadequate.Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,thefederalBureauofInvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesformvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,aNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditationforDNAtestinglaboratories.

复合题OneoftheprincipalthemesofWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisthatitisinsufficientlyegalitarian.Walzer’scaseagainsttheeconomicinequalitygeneratedbycapitalismandinfavorofaradicalredistributionofwealth”ispresentedinawidelycitedessayentitledInDefenseofEquality.ThemoststrikingfeatureofWalzer’scritiqueisthat,farfromrejectingtheprincipleofrewardaccordingtomerit,Walzerinsistsonitsvalidity.Peoplewhoexcelshouldreceivethesuperiorbenefitsappropriatetotheirexcellence.Butpeopleexhibitagreatvarietyofqualities—”intelligence,physicalstrength,agilityandgrace,artisticcreativity,mechanicalskill,leadership,endurance,memory,psychologicalinsight,thecapacityforhardwork—evenmoralstrength,sensitivity,theabilitytoexpresscompassion.”Eachdeservesitsproperrecompense,andhenceaproperdistributionofmaterialgoodsshouldreflecthumandifferencesasmeasuredonallthesedifferentscales.Yet,undercapitalism,theabilitytomakemoney(“thegreenthumbofbourgeoissociety”)enablesits,possessortoacquirealmost“everyothersortofsocialgood,”suchastherespectandesteemofothers.ThecenterpieceofWalzer’sargumentistheinvocationofaquotationfromPascal’sPensees,whichconcludes:“Tyrannyisthewishtoobtainbyonemeanswhatcanonlybehadbyanother.”Pascalbelievesthatweowedifferentduties(conductduetoparentsandsuperiors:RESPECT)todifferentqualities.Sowemightsaythatinfatuationistheproperresponsetocharm,andawetheproperresponsetostrength.Inthislight,Walzercharacterizescapitalismasthetyrannyofmoney(oroftheabilitytomakeit).AndWalzeradvocatesasthemeansofeliminatingthistyrannyandofrestoringgenuineequality“theabolitionofthepowerofmoneyoutsideitssphere.”WhatWalzerenvisionsisasocietyinwhichwealthisnolongerconvertibleintosocialgoodswithwhichithasnointrinsic(adj.natural)connection.Walzer’sargumentisapuzzlingone.Afterall,whyshouldthosequalitiesunrelatedtotheproductionofmaterialgoodsberewardedwithmaterialgoods?Isitnottyrannical,inPascal’ssense,toinsistthatthosewhoexcelin“sensitivity”or“theabilitytoexpresscompassion”meritequalwealthwiththosewhoexcelinqualities(suchas“thecapacityforhardwork”)essentialinproducingwealth?YetWalzer’sargument,howeverdeficient,doespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalism—namely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimatelytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.Someevenargueplausiblythatthisweaknessmaybeirremediable:inanysocietythat,likeacapitalistsociety,seekstobecomeeverwealthierinmaterialtermsdisproportionaterewardsareboundtoflowtothepeoplewhoareinstrumentalinproducingtheincreaseinitswealth.

复合题Inthissection,youwillreadapassage.Answerthequestionsafterreadingthepassage.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.TheUniversityinTransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturistsSohailInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow’suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandnon-Westernperspectives.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday.ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity—avoluntarycommunitytoscholars/teachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld’sgreatlibraries.YettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware,producedbyafewsuperstarteachers,marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarket,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregHearn.Ontheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoplaysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation,thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontent—orotherdangers—willnecessarilyfollow.Counter-movementsarealsoatwork.Manyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation.Whatif,forinstance,insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld?FeministscholarIvanaMilojevicdarestodreamwhatauniversitymightbecome“ifwebelievedthatchildcareworkersandteachersinearlychildhoodeducationshouldbeoneofthehighest(ratherthanlowest)paidprofessionals?”Co-editorJenniferGidleyshowshowtomorrow’suniversityfaculty,insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch,maytakeonthreenewroles.Somewouldactasbrokers,assemblingcustomizeddegree-creditprogramsforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrominstitutionsallaroundtheworld.Asecondgroupmentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday’sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.Thiswouldrequirethemtoconstantlybelearningfromtheirstudentsaswellasinstructingthem.Athirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley’sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers:charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudents/colleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldproblems.Moreover,thereseemslittlereasontosupposethatanyoneformofuniversitymustnecessarilydriveoutallotheroptions.Studentsmaybe“enrolled”incoursesofferedatvirtualcampusesontheinternet,between—orevenduring—sessionsatarealworldproblemfocusedinstitution.Asco-editorSohailInayatullahpointsoutinhisintroduction,nofutureisinevitable,andtheveryactofimaginingandthinkingthroughalternativepossibilitiescandirectlyaffecthowthoughtfully,creativelyandurgentlyevenadominanttechnologyisadaptedandapplied.Eveninacademia,thefuturebelongstothosewhocareenoughtoworktheirvisionsintopractical,sustainablerealities.

复合题Passage BThey poison the mind and corrupt the morals of the young, who waste their time sitting on sofa immersed in dangerous fantasy worlds. That, at least, was the charge leveled against novels during the 18th century by critics worried about the impact of a new medium on young people. Today the idea that novels can harm people sounds silly. And that is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. This week European justice ministers met to discuss how best to restrict the sale of violent games to children. Some countries, such as Germany, believe the answer is to ban some games altogether. That is going too far.Criticism of games is merely the latest example of a tendency to regard new and unfamiliar forms of entertainment as devils. In 1816 waltzing was condemned as a “fatal infection” ; in the 1950s comic books were accused of turning children into drug addicts and criminals. In each case the pattern is the same: young people adopt a new form of entertainment, older people are frightened by its unfamiliarity and condemn it, but eventually the young grow up and the new medium becomes accepted—at which point another example appears and the Cycle begins again.The opposition to video games is founded on the mistaken belief that most gamers are children. In fact, two-thirds of gamers are over 18 and the average garner is around 30. But the assumption that gamers are mostly children leads to a double standard. Violent films are permitted and the notion that some films are unsuitable for children is generally understood. Yet different rules are applied to games. Aren’ t games different because they are interactive? It is true that video games can make people feel excited or aggressive, but so do many sports. There is no evidence that video-gaming causes long-term aggression.Games ought to be age-rated, just as films are, and retailers should not sell adult-rated games to children any more than they should sell them adult-rated films. Ratings schemes are already in place, and in some countries restrictions on the scale of adult-rated games to minors have the force of law. But many games for children are bought by parents. Rather than banning some games outright, the best way to keep grown-up games away from children is to educate non-gaming parents that, as with films, not all games are suitable for children.Oddly enough, Hillary Clinton, one of the politicians who has led the criticism of the gaming industry in America, has recently come round to this view. But this week some European politicians seemed to be moving in the other direction: the Netherlands may follow Germany, for example, in banning some games outright. Not all adults wish to play violent games, just as not all of them enjoy violent movies. But they should be free to do so if they wish.What is the attitude of Germany towards some video games?

复合题Directions: In this part you will read 10 sentences, eachof which contains ONE grammatical error. Please correctthe sentences and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.EXAMPLE:

复合题Directions: Please read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only the information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your Answer Sheet.(1) Why should anyone buy the latest volume in the ever- expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. (2) But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1, 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 years’ time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published, Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50, 000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1, 068 in Missing Persons in the shade. (3) When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100, 000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to ‘ other quality newspapers’ too. ) As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’ t file copy on time: some who did send too much: 50, 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls. (4) There remains the dinner-party game of who’ s in, who’ s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in. Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America) . (5) It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known. (6) Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments “Whether or not Hugo was a wall- painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility” . Then there had to be more women, too (12 percent, against the original DBN’ s 3) , such as Roy Strong’ s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks “Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory(草率的) . ” Doesn’ t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, “except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke” .

复合题Passage BWe live in southern California growing grapes, a firstgeneration of vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyardsand the winery. Its a very pretty place, and in order toearn the money to realize our dream of making wine, weworked for many years in a business that demanded severalhousehold moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking andlong absences from my husband. When it was time, we tradedin our old life, cinched up our belts and began thecreation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives aredictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of theliving vines. The vines start sprouting tiny greentendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin toform in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped ingold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in earlyfall, and when their sugar content is at the right level,they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in smalllots. The wine is fermented and tended until it is readyto be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves; the vinesare pruned and made ready for the dormant months—and thenext vintage.It sounds nice, doesnt it? Living in the country, ourdays were spent in the ancient routine of the vineyard;knowing that the course of our lives as vintners waschoreographed long ago and that if we practiceddiligently, our wine would be good and wed besuccessful. From the start we knew there was a price forthe privilege of becoming a winemaking family, connectedto the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panicover the daily emergencies, and we are nimble at solvingproblems as they arise. Some hazards to completing asuccessful vintage are expected: rain just beforeharvesting that can cause mold; electricity unexpectedlyinterrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine candamage it, a delayed payment from a major client when themoney is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production andtake patience, good will and perseverance. For example,the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulatesevery facet of the wine business. A winerys records areaudited as often as two or three times a year and everylabel—newly written for each years vintage—must beapproved.The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almostmade us lose heart came out of a lawyers imagination.Our little winery was served notice that we were named ina lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health byusing lead foils on our bottles (it was the only materialused until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk. ” There it was, our winerys name listedwith the industrys giants.I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money ifthe lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I neverwas able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and theirlawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was broughtin on behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumersmust get something if it was proved that a lead foil wasdangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumerclaimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuitslike this. It is an immense danger to the smallbusinessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink ofan eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as itspossible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we areall in danger. As long as the legal profession allowsmembers to practice law dishonorably and lawyers arecongratulated for winning big money in this way, wellall be plagued with a corruptible justice system.According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled by _____.

复合题WHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever- expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree.But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1, 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 year’ s time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50, 000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1, 068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100, 000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to other quality newspapers’ too. ) As soon as the committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’ t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50, 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls. There remains the dinner-party game of who’ s in, who’ s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America) .It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not yew memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: “Whether or not Hugo was a wall- painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility. ” Then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN’ s 3) , such as Roy Strong’ s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ” Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory. ” Doesn’ t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist? Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, ” except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke” .The writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume _____.

复合题Directions: In this sections there are three reading passages followed by a total of 10 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write you answers on your answer sheet.Passage 2

复合题Directions: This section consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether I0 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (A) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it and put a slash (/) in the blank.Example:

复合题Passage AThere are few more sobering online activities thanentering data into college-tuition calculators and gaspingas the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists sayfamilies about to go into debt to fund four years ofpartying, as well as studying, can console themselves withthe knowledge that college is an investment that, unlikemany bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the“labor-market premium to skill” —or the amount collegegraduates earned thats greater than what high-schoolgraduate earned—decreased for much of the 20th century,but has come back with a vengeance (报复性地) since the1980s. In 2005, the typical full-time year-round U. S.worker with a four-year college degree earned $50, 900, 62%more than the $31, 500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.Theres no question that going to college is a smarteconomic choice. But a look at the strange variations intuition reveals that the choice about which college toattend doesnt come down merely to dollars and cents.Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board$49, 260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return thanattending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35, 542) ? Probably not. Does being anout-of-state student at the University of Colorado atBoulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17, 380) there? Not likely.No, in this consumerist age, most buyers arentevaluating college as an investment, but rather as aconsumer product—like a car or clothes or a house. Andwith such purchases, price is only one of many crucialfactors to consider.As with automobiles, consumers in todays collegemarketplace have vast choices, and people search for theone that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction inline with their budgets. This accounts for the willingnessof people to pay more for different types of experiences(such as attending a private liberal-arts college or goingto an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program) . And just as two auto purchasers mightspend an equal amount of money on very different cars,college students (or, more accurately, their parents)often show a willingness to pay essentially the same pricefor vastly different products. So which is it? Is collegean investment product like a stock or a consumer productlike a car? In keeping with the automotive worldshottest consumer trend, maybe its best to characterizeit as a hybrid (混合动力汽车) ; an expensive consumerproduct that, over time, will pay rich dividends.What’ s the opinion of economists about going to college?

复合题In the place of the King, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors or leaders, but later received the title of consuls. The participation of a colleague in the exercise of supreme power and limitation of the tenure to one year prevented the chief magistrate from becoming autocratic. The character of the Senate was altered by the enrollment of the plebeian members, known as conscripti, and hence the official designation of the senators thereafter was patres conscripti (conscript fathers) . As yet, only patricians were eligible for the magistracies, and the discontent of the plebs led to a violent struggle between the two orders and the gradual removal of the social and political disabilities under which the plebs had labored.In 494 B. C. a secession of plebeian soldiers led to the institution of the tribune plebes, who were elected annually as protectors of the plebs; they had the power to veto the acts of patrician magistrates, and thus served as the leaders of the plebs in the struggles with the patricians. The appointment of the decemvirate, a commission of ten men, in 451 B. C. resulted in the drawing up of a famous code of laws. In 445 B. C. , under the Canuleian law, marriages between patricians and members of the plebs were declared legally valid. By the Licinuian- Sextian laws, passed in 367 B. C. , it was provided that one of the two consuls should thenceforth be plebeian. The other magistracies were gradually opened to the plebs: in 365 B. C. the dictatorship, an extraordinary magistracy, the incumbent of which was appointed in times of great danger; in 350 B. C. , the censorship; in 337 B. C. , the praetorship; and in 300 B. C. , the pontifical and augural colleges.These political changes gave rise to a new aristocracy, composed of patrician and wealthy plebeian families, and admission to the Senate became almost the hereditary privilege of these families. The Senate, which had originally possessed little administrative power, became a powerful governing body, dealing with matters of war and peace, foreign alliances, the founding of colonies, and the handling of the state finances. The rise of this new nobilitas brought to an end the struggles between the two orders, but the position of the poorer plebeian families was not improved, and the marked contrast between the conditions of the rich and the poor led to struggles in the later Republic between the aristocratic party and the popular Party.The external history of Rome during this period was chiefly military. Rome had acquired the leadership of Latium before the close of the regal period. Assisted by their allies, the Romans fought wars against the Etruscans, the Volscians, and the Aequians. The military policy of Rome became more aggressive in the 60 years between 449 and 390 B. C. The defeat of the Romans at Allia and the capture and burning of Rome by the Gauls under the leadership of the chieftain Brennus in 390 B. C. were great disasters, but their effect was temporary. The capture of the Etruscan city of Veii in 396 B. C. by the solider and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus spelled the beginning of the end of Etruscan independence. Other Etruscan cities hastened to make peace, and by the middle of the 4th B. C. all southern Etruria was kept in the check by Roman garrisons and the denationalized by an influx of Roman colonists. Vistories over the Volscians, the Latins, and the Hernicans gave Romans control of central Italy and brought them into conflict with the Samnites of southern Italy, who were defeated in a series of three wars, extending from 343 to 290 B. C. A powerful coalition was at this time formed against Rome, consisting of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls in the north, and of Lucanians, Bruttians, and Samnites in the south; this coalition endangered the power of Rome, but the northern confederacy was defeated in 283 B. C. and the southern states soon after.Which one is not true about the magistrate?

复合题Whatcomestomindwhenyouheartheword—diversity?Issuesofraceorgendermayspringtomind.Equalrights?Orminorityissues?Iencouragepeopletolookatamuchwiderdefinitionoftheword.Iwouldtendtosaydiversityis“differentness”inanyform.Agoodexampleofthiskindofdiversityhasbeenexperiencedbyeverypersonwhoeverleftbehindthecomfortsofhomeandmovedintounchartedterritory.Issuesofdiversityareinformednotonlybyyourculturalbackgroundandcontext,butalsobyyourreligion,age,fieldofwork,familysituation,personality,andcountlessotherfactorsthatmakeusunique.Diversityaffectseveryone.It’sforthisreasonthatdiversityhasbecomesuchabuzzword.Thebuzzhappensbecauseit’sallabouthowyouhandleit.Ifsverymuchlikethejobacomposerhaswhencreatingagreatmusicalcomposition.Ifthecomposerunderstandswhateachuniquenoteanddynamicmarkiscapableofincombinationwiththeotherparts,theresultachievedisextraordinary.If,however,noneofthepartsiscommunicatingwiththeothers,we’releftwithacacophony.Onapersonallevel,it’sthisunderstandingandacceptanceof“theother”whichrestsatthecoreofdiversity.Whetherwe9retalkingaboutnavigatingthroughamulticulturalurbanenvironmentoruprootingandmovingtoanewforeignsocialcontext,itisnecessarytosetasiderigidassumptionsabout“theother”andputoneselfintheother’sshoes.Sohowdowemakethisleap?It’softenassimpleasaskingquestionsandbeingcarefulnottoassumethatwhatyouseeisnecessarilywhattheothersidesees.OfteninmyworkshopsIgiveamagiclessontotheaudiencetoillustratethisprinciple.Ifirstpresentthemagicandaccomplishthe“impossible”.Theparticipantsreceivethesamepropsbutsimplycan5tmanage.Welookmorecarefullyatthesituationandrealizethattheassumptionstheymadeaboutitactuallyblockedthemfromachievingthisfeat;afeattheysuddenlyareempoweredtodowhich,momentsago,wasimpossible.Thegoalinbeingsensitivetodiversityistocultivateacultureofrespectforpeople’sdifferencesandunderstandthatsuchanenvironmentisbeneficialtoeveryoneinvolved.Diversityawarenessisanevolution.Wecan’tgettherebysnappingourfingers,anditisn’tamatteroftrainingpeopletohavetextbookpoliticallycorrectattitudes.Insteadifsacaseoflookingatthebigpictureofhowweseetheworld,understandingwhyweseeitthatway,andthenmakingsurewedoourparttogenuinelyvaluedifferenceandbenefitfromit.

复合题Passage BOne of the qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one’ s mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like “I was wrong about that, ” and it is even harder to say “I was wrong, and you were right about that. ”I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood where I grew up, and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons. Then he related an incident and I began to remember vaguely the incident he was describing.I was about eight years old at the time, and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly grocery shopping. On that particular day, I must have found my way to the dairy food department where the incident took place.There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive display of eggs in dozen and half-dozen cartons. The cartons were stacked three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reasons, I decided it was up to me to put the display back together, so I went to work.The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared, I was on my knees inspecting some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken, but to him it looked as though I was the culprit. He severely reprimanded me and wanted me to pay for any broken eggs. I protested my innocence and tried to explain, but it did no good. Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident, apparently the manager did not.Who was to blame for knocking off the stacks of cartons?

复合题In the place of the King, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors or leaders, but later received the title of consuls. The participation of a colleague in the exercise of supreme power and limitation of the tenure to one year prevented the chief magistrate from becoming autocratic. The character of the Senate was altered by the enrollment of the plebeian members, known as conscripti, and hence the official designation of the senators thereafter was patres conscripti (conscript fathers) . As yet, only patricians were eligible for the magistracies, and the discontent of the plebs led to a violent struggle between the two orders and the gradual removal of the social and political disabilities under which the plebs had labored.In 494 B. C. a secession of plebeian soldiers led to the institution of the tribune plebes, who were elected annually as protectors of the plebs; they had the power to veto the acts of patrician magistrates, and thus served as the leaders of the plebs in the struggles with the patricians. The appointment of the decemvirate, a commission of ten men, in 451 B. C. resulted in the drawing up of a famous code of laws. In 445 B. C. , under the Canuleian law, marriages between patricians and members of the plebs were declared legally valid. By the Licinuian- Sextian laws, passed in 367 B. C. , it was provided that one of the two consuls should thenceforth be plebeian. The other magistracies were gradually opened to the plebs: in 365 B. C. the dictatorship, an extraordinary magistracy, the incumbent of which was appointed in times of great danger; in 350 B. C. , the censorship; in 337 B. C. , the praetorship; and in 300 B. C. , the pontifical and augural colleges.These political changes gave rise to a new aristocracy, composed of patrician and wealthy plebeian families, and admission to the Senate became almost the hereditary privilege of these families. The Senate, which had originally possessed little administrative power, became a powerful governing body, dealing with matters of war and peace, foreign alliances, the founding of colonies, and the handling of the state finances. The rise of this new nobilitas brought to an end the struggles between the two orders, but the position of the poorer plebeian families was not improved, and the marked contrast between the conditions of the rich and the poor led to struggles in the later Republic between the aristocratic party and the popular Party.The external history of Rome during this period was chiefly military. Rome had acquired the leadership of Latium before the close of the regal period. Assisted by their allies, the Romans fought wars against the Etruscans, the Volscians, and the Aequians. The military policy of Rome became more aggressive in the 60 years between 449 and 390 B. C. The defeat of the Romans at Allia and the capture and burning of Rome by the Gauls under the leadership of the chieftain Brennus in 390 B. C. were great disasters, but their effect was temporary. The capture of the Etruscan city of Veii in 396 B. C. by the solider and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus spelled the beginning of the end of Etruscan independence. Other Etruscan cities hastened to make peace, and by the middle of the 4th B. C. all southern Etruria was kept in the check by Roman garrisons and the denationalized by an influx of Roman colonists. Vistories over the Volscians, the Latins, and the Hernicans gave Romans control of central Italy and brought them into conflict with the Samnites of southern Italy, who were defeated in a series of three wars, extending from 343 to 290 B. C. A powerful coalition was at this time formed against Rome, consisting of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls in the north, and of Lucanians, Bruttians, and Samnites in the south; this coalition endangered the power of Rome, but the northern confederacy was defeated in 283 B. C. and the southern states soon after.According to the last paragraph, we know that _____.

复合题Decide which the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your ANSWER SHEET.Successful scientists have often been