复合题Passage BDavid Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations:Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, credits the worlds economic and social progress over the last thousand years to “Western civilization and its dissemination. ” The reason, he believes, is that Europeans invented systematic economic growth. First, science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constraints of organized religion and from the political constraints of centralized authority. Though European lacked a political center, its scholars benefited from the use of single vehicle of communication: Latin. This common tongue facilitated an adversarial discourse in which new ideas about the physical world could be tested, demonstrated, and then accepted across the continent and eventually across the world. Second, Landes espouses a generalized form of Max Webers thesis that the values of work, initiative, and in vestment made the difference for Europe. Despite his emphasis on science, Landes does not stress the nation of rationality as such.In his views, “what counts is work, thrift, honesty,patience, [and] tenacity. ” The only route to economic success for individuals or states is working hard, spending less than you earn, and investing the rest in productive capacity. This is his fundamental explanation of the problem posed by his books subtitle: “Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. ” For historical reasons—an emphasis on private property, an experience of political pluralism, a temperate climate, and an urban style—Europeans have, on balance, followed those practices and therefore have prospered. Third, and perhaps most important, Europeans were learners. They “learned rather greedily, ” as Joel Mokyr put it in a review of Landes book. Even if Europeans possessed indigenous technologies that gave them an advantage (spectacles, for example) , as Landes believes they did, their most vital asset was the ability to assimilate knowledge from around the world and put it to use—as in borrowing the concept of zero and rediscovering Aristotles Logic from the Arabs and taking paper and gunpowder from the Chinese via the Muslim world. Lnades argues that a systematic resistance to learning from other cultures had become the greatest handicap of the Chinese by the 18th Century and remains the greatest handicap of Arab countries today.Although his analysis of European expansion is almost nonexistent, Landes doesnt argue that Europeans were beneficent bearers of civilization to benighted world. Rather, he relies on his own commonsense law: “When one group is strong enough to push another around and standsto gain by it, it will do so. ” In contrast to the new school of world historians, Landes believes that specific cultural values enabled technological advances that in turn made some Europeans strong enough to dominate people in other parts of the world. Europeans therefore proceeded to do so with great viciousness and cruelty. By focusing on their victimization in this process, Landes holds, some postcolonial states have wasted energy that could have been put into productive work and investment. If one could sum up Landess advice to these states in one sentence, it might be “Stop whining and get to work. ” This is particularly important, indeed hopeful, advice, he would argue, because success is not permanent. Advantages are not fixed, gains from trade are unequal, and different societies react differently to market signals. Therefore, not only is there hope for undeveloped countries, but developed countries have little cause to be complacent, because the current situation “will press hard” on them.The thrust of studies like Landess is to identify those distinctive features of European civilization that lie behind.Europes rise to power and the creation of modernity more generally. Other historians have placed a greater emphasis on such features as liberty, individualism, and Christianity. In a review essay, the art historian Craig Clunas listed some of the less well-known linkages that have been proposed between Western culture and modernity, including the propensities to think the quantitatively, enjoys pornography, and consumes sugar. All such proposals assume the fundamental aptness of the question: What elements of European civilization led to European success? It is a short leap from this assumption to outright triumphalism. The paradigmatic book of this school is, of course, The End of History and the Last Man, in which Francis Fukuyama argues that after the collapse of the Nazism and communism in the 20th Century, the only remaining model for human organization in the industrial and communications ages is a combination of market economics and limited, pluralist, democratic government.The cultural elements identified by Landes _____ those identified by other historians.

复合题In this section there are four passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A. B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer

复合题Immigrationposestwomainchallengesfortherichworld’sgovernments.Oneishowtomanagetheinflowofmigrants;theother,howtointegratethosewhoarealreadythere.Whom,forexample,toallowin?Already,manygovernmentshaverealizedthatthemarketfortoptalentisglobalandcompetitive.LedbyCanadaandAustralia,theyareredesigningmigrationpoliciesnotjusttoadmit,butactivelytoattracthighlyskilledimmigrants.Germany,forinstance,tentativelyintroducedagreencardofitsowntwoyearagoforinformation-technologystaff.Whereasthecaseforattractingthehighlyskilledisfastbecomingconventionalwisdom,athornierissueiswhattodoabouttheunskilled.Becausethedifferenceinearningsisgreatestinthissector,migrationoftheunskilleddeliversthelargestglobaleconomicgains.Moreover,wealthy,well-educated,ageingeconomiescreatelotsofjobsforwhichtheirownworkershavelittleappetite.Soimmigrantstendtoclusterattheupperandlowerendsoftheskillspectrum.Immigrantseitherhaveuniversitydegreesornohigh-schooleducation.Mr.Smith’ssurveymakesthepoint:AmongimmigrantstoAmerica,theproportionwithapostgraduateeducation,at21%,isalmostthreetimesashighasinthenativepopulation;equally,theproportionwithlessthannineyearsofschooling,at20%,ismorethanthreetimesashighas,thatofthenative-born.Allthismeansthatsomeimmigrantsdofarbetterthanothers.Theunskilledaretheproblem.ResearchbyGeorgeBuries,aHarvardUniversityprofessorwhoseparentswereunskilledCubanimmigrants,hasdrawnattentiontothefactthattheunskilledaccountforagrowingproportionofAmerica’sforeign-born.Newcomerswithouthigh-schooleducationnotonlydragdownthewagesofthepoorestAmericans;theirchildrenarealsodisproportionatelylikelytofailatschool.Thereyoungstersaretheretostay.“Thetoothpasteisoutofthetube”,saysMarkKrikorian,executivedirectoroftheCenterforImmigrationStudies.Andtheirnumberswillgrow.Becausetherichworld’swomenspurnmotherhood,immigrantsgivebirthtomanyoftherichworld’sbabies.ForeignmothersaccountforonebirthinfiveinSwitzerlandandoneineightinGermanyandBritain.Ifthesechildrengrowupunderprivilegedandundereducated,theywillcreateanewunderclassthatmaytakemanyyearstoemergeformpoverty.ForEurope,immigrationcreatesparticularproblems.EuropeneedsitevenmorethantheUnitedStatesbecausethecontinentisageingfasterthananyotherregion.Immigrationisnotapermanentcure(immigrantsgrowoldtoo),butitwillbuytime.Andmigrationcan“greasethewheels”ofEurope’sscleroticlabourmarkets,arguesTitoBoeriinareportpublishedinJuly.However,thankstothegenerosityofEurope’swelfarestates,migrationisalsoasortoftaxonimmobilelabour.AndthemoreimmobileEuropeansaretheolder,thelesseducated—hemorexenophobictheyaretoo.

复合题Passage BAll Eskimos live most of their lives close to salt or fresh water. They may follow game inland for several hundred miles, but they always return to the shores of rivers, lakes, or seas.Eskimo land has a bare look. Large rocks, pebbles, and sand cover much of the surface. Plants called lichen grow right on rock. And where there is enough soil, even grass, flowers, and small bushes manage to live. No trees can grow on Eskimo land, so geographers sometimes call this country the Arctic plains. Some animals, such as rabbits and caribou, eat the plants. Others, like the white fox and grey wolf, eat the rabbits and caribou. The Eskimo is a meat-eater, too, and may even eat a wolf when food is scarce.The Eskimo year has two main parts: a long, cold winter and a short, cool summer. Spring and fall are almost too short to be noticed. Summer is the good time, when food is usually plentiful. But it is also the time when the Eskimos are very busy. Winter is never far away, and the men must bring home extra meat for the women to prepare and store. For seldom can enough animals be killed in winter to feed a family.The Far North is sometimes called the land of the midnight sun. This is true in the middle of summer, for between April 21st and August 21st the sun never sets in Northern Greenland. But in midwinter the Far North is a land with no sun shining at all. Around Oct. 21st the Eskimos of Northern Greenland see the sun setting straight south of them, and they don’ t see it again until February 22nd. All places on earth get about the same amount of daylight during a year. As a result, if summer is lighter, winter has to be darker.Winter nights in the Far North are seldom pitch-black. As in the rest of the world, the stars and moon provide a little light. The northern lights also help the Eskimos to see. And with the ground covered with snow, even a little light is reflected back to the Eskimo’ s eyes.The best title for the passage is _____.

复合题Directions: Read the following passages and then answer the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. “In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race, ” she recalls.“I’ ve always been an achiever, ” says White, who is studying for an MBA at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. “But there had always been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want. It was like a shadow, following me around saying you can only go so far. Now it’ s like a barrier has been let down. ”White’ s experience is what many psychologists had expected — that Obama would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans. Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big lingering racist attitudes? There is no easy way to measure racism directly; instead psychologists assess what is known as “implicit bias” , using a computer-based test that measures how quickly people associate positive and negative words — such as “love” or “evil” — with photos of black or white faces. A similar test can also measure how quickly subjects associate stereotypical traits — such as athletic skills or mental ability — with a particular group. In a study that will appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant’ s team tested 229 students during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias has fallen by as much as 90% compared with the level found in a similar study in 2006. “That’ s an unusually large drop, ” Plant says.In a study that will appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant’ s team tested 229 students during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias has fallen by as much as 90% compared with the level found in a similar study in 2006. “That’ s an unusually large drop, ” Plant says.While the team can’ t be sure their results are due solely to Obama, they also showed that those with the lowest bias were likely to subconsciously associate black skin colour with political words such as “government” or “president” . This suggests that Obama was strongly on their mind, says Plant.Drop in biasBrian Nosek of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, who runs a website that measures implicit bias using similar test, has also observed a small drop in bias in the 700, 000 visitors to the site since January 2007, which might be explained by Obama’ s rise to popularity. However, his preliminary results suggest that change will be much slower coming than Plant’ s results suggest.Talking honestly“People now have the opportunity of expressing support for Obama every day, ” says Daniel Effron at Stanford University in California. “Our research arouses the concern that people may now be more likely to raise negative views of African Americans. ” On the other hand, he says, it may just encourage people to talk more honestly about their feelings regarding race issues, which may not be such a bad thing.Another part of the study suggests far more is at stake than the mere expression of views. The Obama effect may have a negative side. Just one week after Obama was elected president, participants were less ready to support policies designed to address racial inequality than they had been two weeks before the election.It could, of course, also be that Obama’ s success helps people to forget that a disproportionate number of black Americans still live in poverty and face huge obstacles when trying to overcome these circumstances. “Barack Obama’ s family is such a salient (出色的) image, we generalise it and fail to see the larger picture — that there’ s injustice in every aspect of American life, ” says Cheryl Kaiser of the University of Washington in Seattle. Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama’ s effect, she says.Though Plant’ s findings were more positive, she too warns against thinking that racism and racial inequalities are no longer a problem. “The last thing I want is for people to think everything’ s solved. ”Sting in the tailAshby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama’ s candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models. Their work is already starting to reveal how the “Obama effect” is changing people’ s views and behavior. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not all good news: there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect.But first the good news. Barack Obama really is a positive role model for African Americans, and he was making an impact even before he got to the White House. Indeed, the Obama effect can be surprisingly immediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of Vanderbilt University and his colleagues discovered.They tested four separate groups at four key stages of Obama’ s presidential campaign. Each group consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education, and the test assessed their language skills. At two of these stages, when Obama’ s success was less than certain, the tests showed a clear difference between the scores of the white and black participants-an average of 12. 1 out of 20, compared to 8. 8, for example. When the Obama fever was at its height, however, the black participants performed much better. Those who had watched Obama’ s acceptance speech as the Democrats’ presidential candidate performed just as well, on average, as the white subjects. After his election victory, this was true of all the black participants.Dramatic shiftWhat can explain this dramatic shift? At the start of the test, the participants had to declare their race and were told their results would be used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This should have primed the subjects with “stereotype threat” an anxiety that their results will confirm negative stereotypes, which has been shown to damage the performance of African Americans.Obama’ s successes seemed to act as a shield against this. “We suspect they felt inspired and energized by his victory, so the stereotype threat wouldn’ t prove a distraction, ” says Friedman.Lingering racismIf the Obama effect is positive for African Americans, how is it affecting their white compatriots (同胞) ? Is the experience of having a charismatic (有魅力的) black president modifying these circumstances. “Barack Obama’ s family is such a salient (出色的) image, we generalize it and fail to see the larger picture — that there’ s injustice in every aspect of American life, ” says Cheryl Kaiser of the University of Washington in Seattle. Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama’ s effect, she says.These findings do not only apply to Obama, or even just to race. They should hold for any role model in any country. “There’ s no reason we wouldn’ t have seen the same effect on our views of women if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, ” says Effron. So the election of a female leader might have a downside for other women.Beyond raceWe also don’ t yet know how long the Obama effect — both its good side and its bad — will last. Political sentiment is notoriously changeable: What if things begin to go wrong for Obama, and his popularity slumps?And what if Americans become so familiar with having Obama as their president that they stop considering his race altogether? “Over time he might become his own entity, ” says Plant. This might seem like the ultimate defeat for racism, but ignoring the race of certain select individuals — a phenomenon that psychologists call subtyping — also has an insidious (隐伏的) side. “We think it happens to help people preserve their beliefs, so they can still hold on to the previous stereotypes. ” That could turn out to be the cruelest of all the twists to the Obama effect.

复合题She was one of those pretty, charming women who are born, as if by an error of Fate, into a petty official’s family. She had no dowry, no hopes, nor the slightest chance of being loved and married by a rich man—so she slipped into marriage with a minor civil servant.Unable to afford jewels, she dressed simply: But she was wretched, for women have neither caste nor breeding—in them beauty, grace, and charm replace pride of birth. Innate refinement, instinctive elegance, and wit give them their place on the only scale that counts, and these make humble girls the peers of the grandest ladies.She suffered, feeling that every luxury should rightly have been hers. The poverty of her rooms—the shabby walls, the worn furniture, the ugly upholstery caused her pain. All these things that another woman of her class would not even have noticed, made her angry. The very sight of the little Breton girl who cleaned for her awoke rueful thoughts and the wildest dreams in her mind. She dreamt of rooms with Oriental hangings, lighted by tall, bronze torches, and with two huge footmen in knee breeches made drowsy by the heat from the stove, asleep in the wide armchairs. She dreamt of great drawing rooms upholstered in old silks, with fragile little tables holding priceless knickknacks, and of enchanting little sitting rooms designed for tea-time chats with famous, sought-after men whose attentions all women longed for.She sat down to dinner at her round table with its three-day-old cloth, and watched her husband lift the lid of the soup tureen and delightedly exclaim, “Ah, a good homemade beef stew! There’s nothing better!” She visualized elegant dinners with gleaming silver and gorgeous china. She yearned for wall hangings peopled with knights and ladies and exotic birds in a fairy forest. She dreamt of eating the pink flesh of trout or the wings of grouse. She had no proper wardrobe, no jewels, nothing. And those were the only things that she loved—she felt she was made for them. She would have so loved to charm, to be envied, to be admired and sought after.

复合题Passage BWe live in southern California growing grapes, a firstgeneration of vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyardsand the winery. Its a very pretty place, and in order toearn the money to realize our dream of making wine, weworked for many years in a business that demanded severalhousehold moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking andlong absences from my husband. When it was time, we tradedin our old life, cinched up our belts and began thecreation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives aredictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of theliving vines. The vines start sprouting tiny greentendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin toform in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped ingold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in earlyfall, and when their sugar content is at the right level,they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in smalllots. The wine is fermented and tended until it is readyto be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves; the vinesare pruned and made ready for the dormant months—and thenext vintage.It sounds nice, doesnt it? Living in the country, ourdays were spent in the ancient routine of the vineyard;knowing that the course of our lives as vintners waschoreographed long ago and that if we practiceddiligently, our wine would be good and wed besuccessful. From the start we knew there was a price forthe privilege of becoming a winemaking family, connectedto the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panicover the daily emergencies, and we are nimble at solvingproblems as they arise. Some hazards to completing asuccessful vintage are expected: rain just beforeharvesting that can cause mold; electricity unexpectedlyinterrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine candamage it, a delayed payment from a major client when themoney is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production andtake patience, good will and perseverance. For example,the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulatesevery facet of the wine business. A winerys records areaudited as often as two or three times a year and everylabel—newly written for each years vintage—must beapproved.The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almostmade us lose heart came out of a lawyers imagination.Our little winery was served notice that we were named ina lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health byusing lead foils on our bottles (it was the only materialused until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk. ” There it was, our winerys name listedwith the industrys giants.I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money ifthe lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I neverwas able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and theirlawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was broughtin on behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumersmust get something if it was proved that a lead foil wasdangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumerclaimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuitslike this. It is an immense danger to the smallbusinessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink ofan eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as itspossible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we areall in danger. As long as the legal profession allowsmembers to practice law dishonorably and lawyers arecongratulated for winning big money in this way, wellall be plagued with a corruptible justice system.The writer thinks that the legal profession _____.

复合题Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitiveareassuchasattentionandmemory.Thisistrueregardlessofage.Peoplewillbealertandreceptiveiftheyarefacedwithinformationthatgetsthemtothinkaboutthingstheyareinterestedin.Andsomeonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlesswillgointooldagemorecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.Manyexpertsaresoconvincedofthebenefitsofchallengingthebrainthattheyareputtingthetheorytoworkintheirownlives.“Theideaisnotnecessarilytolearntomemorizeenormousamountsofinformation”,saysJamesFoard,associatedirectorofNationalInstituteonAging.“Mostofusdon’tneedthatkindofskills.Suchspecifictrainingisoflessinterestthanbeingabletomaintainmentalalertness.”Foardandotherssaytheychallengetheirbrainswithdifferentmentalskills,bothbecausetheyenjoythemandbecausetheyaresurethattheirrangeofactivitieswillhelpthewaytheirbrainswork.GeneCohen,actingdirectorofthesameinstitute,suggeststhatpeopleintheiroldageshouldengageinmentalandphysicalactivitiesindividuallyaswellasingroups.Cohensaysthatwearefrequentlyadvisedtokeepphysicallyactiveasweage,butolderpeopleneedtokeepmentallyactiveaswell.Thosewhodoaremorelikelytomaintaintheirintellectualabilitiesandtobegenerallyhappierandbetteradjusted.“Thepointis,youneedtodoboth,”Cohensays,“Intellectualactivityactuallyinfluencesbrain-cellhealthandsize.”

复合题Urbanisation in MEDCsCauses of UrbanisationUrbanisation means an increase in the proportion of peopleliving in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urbanarea is a built-up area such as a town or city. A ruralarea is an area of countryside.As a country industrialises, the number of people livingin urban areas tends to increase. The UK and many otherMEDCs urbanised during the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Peoplemigrated from rural areas (due to the mechanisation infarming) to urban areas where there was employment in thenew factories. The area of cities known as the inner citydeveloped during this time as rows of terraced housingwere built for workers.Today the UK is a mostly urban society, with 90% of thepopulation living in towns or cities. On a global scale,urbanisation is taking place rapidly, particularly inLEDCs.Although the UK is an urban society, more and more peopleare choosing to live on the edge of urban areas — withmany relocating to the countryside. This is calledcounter-urbanisation.Problems of Urbanisation in the CBD—Traffic CongestionAs more people move to the edge of towns and cities,traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drivetheir cars into the city centre to get to work.It is compounded by people being brought into city onlarge roads or motorways. These roads then link up withsmaller, older, narrower roads in the city centre. Thiscauses a bottleneck and congestion.Some cities have tried to manage this problem byintroducing traffic management schemes. These schemes mayinclude:·Park and ride schemes.·Cycle lanes.·Congestion charging schemes, such as those in Durham andLondon.·Car-pooling, as used in the USA, to encourage people toshare cars.·Low Emission Zones, as in London.Local councils have also tried to make the roads in urbanareas safer by introducing traffic calming, pedestrianzones, vehicle-exclusion zones and permit-only parkingschemes.Problems of Urbanisation in the Urban Rural Fringe-HousingDemandSocial and demographic changes are leading to a greaterdemand for housing. People are living longer, and choosingto marry later, and in recent years there has been a risein the number of single parent families. Added to this,the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries,e. g. from Poland which has recently joined the EU. Theresult is an ever-larger number of smaller households, allrequiring accommodation.However, building new, affordable homes in urban areas isdifficult. Land values are very high and land is in shortsupply:·Some developers are building on sites that have beenbuilt on before in the UK’ s inner cities. These arecalled brownfield sites. This has happened in many of theUK’ s inner cities.·Other developers are building homes on the edge of thecity on greenfield sites in the urban rural fringe. Landhere is cheaper but greenfield development can causeconflict with local people and create environmentalproblems.Sustainable CitiesMany people are working towards trying to make cities moresustainable. A sustainable city offers a good quality oflife to current residents but doesn’ t reduce theopportunities for future residents to enjoy.Key features of a sustainable city·Resources and services in the city are accessible toall.·Public transport is seen as a viable alternative tocars.·Public transport is safe and reliable.·Walking and cycling is safe.·Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable.·Wherever possible, renewable resources are used insteadof non-renewable resources.·Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled whereverpossible.·New homes are energy efficient.·There is access to affordable housing.·Community links are strong and communities work togetherto deal with issues such as crime and security.·Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all.·Inward investment is made to the CBD.A sustainable city will grow at a sustainable rate and useresources in a sustainable way.Think of the town or city you live in, or nearby.·Could it be more sustainable?·Do people walk, cycle or use public transport ratherthan cars?·Are there enough safe open spaces, services and culturalamenities for everyone?·Is there enough investment in the city centre?·Is there a strong sense of community?·Is waste recycled?·Is there affordable housing for everyone?·Are homes energy-efficient?·Do they use renewable energy?Which feature is the most important one for a sustainable city in your eyes?

复合题Manyyearsagotryingtohelppeoplewitheverykindoftroubleleftmewithonesureconviction:incaseaftercasethedifficultycouldhavebeenovercomeormightneverhavearisenifthepeopleinvolvedhadjusttreatedoneanotherwithcommoncourtesy.Courtesy,politeness,goodmanners—callitwhatyouwill,thesupplyneverseemstoequalthedemand.“It’snotsomuchwhatmyhusbandsays,”atearfulwifeconfides,“asthewayhesaysit.Whydoeshehavetoyellatme?”“Ihatemyboss,”agrim-facedofficeworkermutters.“Henevershowsappreciationforanything.”“Allwegetfromourteenagers,”aharassedparentsays,”isresentment.”Suchcomplaintsarenotlimitedtopeoplewhositinmystudy.Humanbeingseverywherehungerforcourtesy.“Goodmanners,”saidRalphWaldoEmerson,“arethehappywayofdoingthings.”Andthereverseisequallytrue.Badmannerscanruinaday—orwreckafriendship.Whatarethebasicingredientsofgoodmanners?Certainlyastrongsenseofjusticeisone;courtesyisoftennothingmorethanahighlydevelopedsenseoffairplay.Afriendoncetoldmeofdrivingalongaone-lane,unpavedmountainroad.Aheadwasanothercarthatproducedcloudsofchokingdust,anditwasalongwaytothenearestpavedhighway.Suddenly,atawiderplace,thecaraheadpulledofftheroad.Thinkingthatitsownermighthaveenginetrouble,myfriendstoppedandaskedifanythingwaswrong.“No,”saidtheotherdriver.“Butyou’veenduredmydustthisfar;I’llputupwithyourstherestoftheway.”Therewasamanwithmanners,andaninnatesenseoffairplay.Anotheringredientofcourtesyisempathy,aqualitythatenablesapersontoseeintothemindorheartofsomeoneelse,tounderstandthepainorunhappinessthereandtodosomethingtominimizeit.RecentlyinabookaboutafamousrestaurantchainIcameacrosssuchanepisode.Amandiningalonewastryingtounscrewthecapofabottleofcatsupbuthisfingersweresobadlycrippledbyarthritisthathecouldn’tdoit.Heaskedayoungbusboytohelphim.Theboytookthebottle,turnedhisbackmomentarilyandloosenedthecapwithoutdifficulty.Thenhetighteneditagain.Turningbacktotheman,hefeignedagreatefforttoopenthebottlewithoutsuccess.Finallyhetookitintothekitchenandreturnedshortly,sayingthathehadmanagedtoloosenit—butonlywithapairofpliers.Whatimpelledtheboytotakesomuchtroubletosparethefeelingsofastranger?Courtesy,compassionatecourtesy.Yetanothercomponentofpolitenessisthecapacitytotreatallpeoplealike,regardlessoftheirstatusorimportance.Evenwhenyouhavedoubtsaboutsomepeople,actasiftheyareworthyofyourbestmanners.Youmayalsobeastonishedtofindoutthattheyreallyare.Itrulybelievethatanyonecanimprovehisorhermannersbydoingthreethings.First,bypracticingcourtesy.Allskillsrequireconstantrepetitiontobecomesecondnature;goodmannersarenoexception.Onesimplewayistoconcentrateonyourperformanceinaspecificareaforaboutaweek.Telephonemanner,forexample.Howoftendoyoutalktoolong,speakabruptly,failtoidentifyyourself,keeppeoplewaiting,displayimpatiencewiththeoperatororfailtoreturnacall?Ordrivingacar,whynotmonitoryourselfsternlyforaggressivedriving,unnecessaryhorn-blowing,followingtooclosely?Onedifficultbutessentialthingtorememberistorefusetoletotherpeople’sbadmannersgoadyouintoretaliatinginkind.Irecallastorytoldbyayoungmanwhowasinacarwithhisfatheronenightwhenadriverinanoncomingvehiclefailedtodimhislights.“Givehimthebrights(前灯光),Dad!”theyoungmanurgedinexasperation.“Son,”repliedthefather,“thatdriveriscertainlydiscourteousandprobablystupid.ButifIgivehimthebrightshe’llbediscourteous,stupidandblind—andthat’sacombinationIdon’twanttotanglewith!”Thesecondrequirementforimprovingyourmannersistothinkinacourteousway.Inthelongrun,thekindofpersonyouareistheresultofwhatyou’vebeenthinkingoverthepasttwentyorthirtyyears.Ifyourthoughtsarepredominantlyself-directed,adiscourteouspersoniswhatyouwillbe.Ifontheotherhandyoutrainyourselftobeconsiderateofothers,ifyoucanacquirethehabitofidentifyingwiththeirproblemsandhopesandfears,goodmannerswillfollowalmostautomatically.Nowhereiscourtesymoreimportantthaninamarriage.Intheintimacyofthehomeitiseasytodisplacedisappointmentorfrustrationorangerontothenearestanddearestperson,andthatpersonisoftenahusbandorwife.“Whenyoufeelyourangergettingoutofcontrol,”Ihaveoftensaidtomarriedcouples,“forceyourselfforthenexttenminutestotreatyourmarriedpartnerasifheorshewereaguestinyourhome.”Iknewthatiftheycouldimposejusttenminutesofgoodmannersonthemselves,theworstofthestormwouldblowover.Finally,tohavegoodmannersyoumustbeabletoacceptcourtesy,receiveitgladly,rejoicewhenitcomesyourway.Strangely,somepeoplearesuspiciousofgracioustreatment.Theysuspecttheotherpersonofhavingsomeulteriormotive.Butsomeofthemostpreciousgiftsinlifecomewithnostringsattached.Youcan’tachieveabeautifuldaythroughanyeffortonyourpart.Youcan’tbuyasunsetoreventhescentofarose.Thosearetheworld’scourtesiestous,offeredwithloveandwithoutthoughtofrewardorreturn.Goodmannersare,orshouldbe,likethat.Intheend,itallcomesdowntohowyouregardpeople—notjustpeopleingeneral,butindividuals.Lifeisfullofminorirritationsandtrialsandinjustices.Theonlyconstant,daily,effectivesolutionispolitenesswhichisthegoldenruleinaction.

复合题Passage 1My suicide attempt when I was a senior in high school must have puzzled those around me. From the outside, it seemed that I had a lot going for me. I lived in a comfortable middle class home with swimming pool. I was active in sports, a member of the National Honor Society, an editor of the school newspaper. But I was also miserable.I was convinced that no one understood me, especially my parents. I didn’t see much of my father, who was busy with his work. My mother had died when I was very young, and my stepmother and I didn’t get along. Our personalities clashed, and I felt she didn’t like me. I remember her once telling me, “I didn’t have to take you, you know.”Socially awkward, I tried to make amends through sports. I remember eagerly waiting for my father to come home from work so I could tell him that I had made the field-hockey team. He just said, “I bet everybody made it.” I interpreted his remark as another message that I was worthless.When I was 15, my parents began to talk about divorce, and I was sure I was the cause. I knew that my father felt caught between my mother and me. He’d yell at me to “shape up,” then I’d hear him in the next room, asking Mother, “Can’t you give the kid a break?” though I thought of running away from home, I was stopped by the horror stories I’d heard of runaway girls, falling prey to drugs and prostitution. But I did wonder if the world would be better off without me.Communication had always been a problem at home. And I was afraid to open up to friends. I felt that if people knew my problems and fears, they’d think less of me. So I nursed my hurts and anxieties into a towering self-hatred.In my junior year, I wrote a paper on Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar, an autobiographical novel about despair, which foreshadowed the author’s eventual suicide. Suddenly, suicide seemed a realistic option. My English teacher commented on my report: “You really understand that book!” I thought, you bet I do! I became a closet expert on suicide, looking into serious literature on the topic. Although I wasn’t a drinker and never used drugs, I concluded that a mixture of alcohol and tranquilizers, both available at home, would be my ticket out.Once the school social worker asked me to list all my good qualities, and I came up with only two: blue eyes and good grades. I felt there wasn’t anything good about me.By my senior year I was convinced that I was an outcast, unlovable. Thoughts of suicide were ever-present. Though I had done very well on my college-board exams, I saw no reason to go on tocollege. Sooner or later, I was going to kill myself, so why bother? I applied to college “just in case,”though the idea of going terrified me. I was sure college would be worse than high school. But Icouldn’t take the constant fighting at home. I didn’t see any way out.In February 1981, I chose my date with death. Once I’d picked the time, I felt relieved. I’m sure Iseemed more cheerful to those around me as I began to plan. At about 2 a.m., on my “death date,” Isneaked out of the house and wandered back streets, downing my tranquilizers and rum. I had troubleswallowing all the pills—a handful at a time, then a swig of rum. The last thing I recall is heading forthe reservoir, where I knew wouldn’t be found for a while. I didn’t make it. I passed out on thesidewalk. A man walking his dog found me and called an ambulance.I woke up in the intensive-care unit with tubes up my nose and needles in my arms. I was sent homewith orders to visit a psychologist twice a week. But I resisted her attempts to help me. I was angry Iwas alive.I hoped that my parents would want to discuss the suicide attempt, and finally one night at dinner thesubject came up. “Why did you do such a stupid thing?” my mother asked. My father replied quickly,“I’m sure she had her reasons.” End of discussion. Except for the ever-patient psychologist and socialworker, even in school the subject was not mentioned. I think that upset me as much as failing with thesuicide did. It seemed as if nobody had enough interest in me to want to know why I’d done it.Suicide was still on my mind when I attended an orientation session at a prestigious college where Ihad been accepted. That weekend gave me a glimmer of hope. People there seemed to like me.College could be a chance for a fresh start.In college I began to make some friends, and decided to hand in “a little longer.” I also began to appreciate how my high-school social worker had reached me in ways I hadn’t realized at the time.In class, I opened up a little more and my confidence improved. I moved into a gift clubhouse. Peopleactually wanted me in their group. By my junior year, I was a field-hockey star.At the club I made friends with a girl I’ll call Beth. We shared a dark secret, for she, too, had attempted suicide. Now and then we’d discuss suicide—always in objective, intellectual terms. Then,one winter night in my senior year, a club sister burst into my room, crying: “Beth’s not breathing!”Beth had asked her to call an ambulance, then collapsed on the floor.Rage swept over me, I saw what her death put her friends through. There was a grief and guilt as weasked ourselves how we could have prevented her suicide.I slowly began to realize that taking my own life was no longer an option. I could see what a total waste suicide was. Beth would have made a solid contribution to society.I decided to do something positive with my life. I graduated in 1985. In March 1986 I answered an adasking volunteers for The Samaritans suicide-prevention hot lines, hoping I could prevent others frommaking the desperate decision I’d made.I can understand how I got to the state I was in that night several years ago. I just wish I’d known thenthat it didn’t—and it doesn’t—have to be that way. That’s what I try to tell them when the hot linerings.After she had been admitted into the prestigious college the author changed a great deal because_____.

复合题Directions: In this part you will read 10 sentences, each of which contains ONE grammatical error. Please correct the sentences and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.EXAMPLE:

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