复合题In this section there are two reading passages followed by a total of 10 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 1It seem

复合题Passage AWith medicine, the benefit of biotechnology has been obvious. People readily accept it when they see how better drugs and clearer diagnoses improve their lives. Why is it different when biotech is applied to agriculture? The answer is that the clearest gains from the current crop of genetically modified (GM) plants go not to consumers but to producers. Indeed, that was what their developers intended: an appeal to farmers offered the suppliers of GM technology the best hope of a speedy return. For consumers, especially in the rich world, the benefits of super-yielding soybeans are less clear: the world, by and large, already has too much food in its stores; developing countries principally lack money, not food as such. Yet companies still pitch their products as a cure for malnutrition even though little that they are doing can justify such a noble claim. In boasting the technology as the only answer to everything from pest control to world hunger, the industry has fed the popular view that its products are unsafe, unnecessary and bad for the environment.Of the two main charges against GM crops, by far the weaker is that they are unsafe to eat. Critics assert that genetic engineering introduces into food genes that are not present naturally, cannot be introduced through conventional breeding and may have unknown health effects that should be investigated before the food is sold to the public. GM crops such as the maize and soybeans that now blanket America certainly differ from their garden variety neighbors. But there is a broad scientific consensus that the present generation of GM foods is safe. Even so, this does little to reassure consumers. Food frights such as “mad cow” disease and revelations of cancer-causing dioxin in Belgian food have sorely undermined their confidence in scientific pronouncements and regulatory authorities alike. GM foods have little future in Europe until this faith can be restored.The second big worry about GM food is that it may harm the environment. The producers argue that the engineered traits—such as resistance to certain brands of herbicide or types of insects and virus—actually do ecological good by reducing chemical use and improving yields so that less land needs to go under the plough. Opponents retort that any such benefits are far outweighed by the damage such crops might do. They worry that pesticide-resistant genes may spread from plants that should be saved to weeds that have to be killed. They fear a loss of biodiversity. They worry that the in-built resistance to bugs that some GM crops will have may poison insects such as Monarch butterfly, and allow other, nastier bugs to develop a natural resistance and thrive.Many of the fears are based on results from limited experiments, often in the laboratory. The only way to discover whether they will arise in real life, or whether they will be any more damaging than similar risks posed by conventional crops and farming practice, is to do more research in the field. Banning the experimental growth of GM plants as some protesters want simply deprives scientists of their most fruitful laboratory.The author suggests that the public does not accept GM food because _____.

复合题Passage 3Mrs. Moreen, however, continued to be convincing; sitting there with her fifty francs she talked andrepeated, as women repeat, and bored and irritated him, while he leaned against the wall with hishands in the pocket of his wrapper, drawing it together round his legs and looking over the head of hisvisitor at the grey negations of his window. She wound up with saying: “You see I bring you a definiteproposal.”“A definite proposal?”“To make our relations regular, as it were—to put them on a comfortable footing.”“I see—it’s a system,” said Pemberton. “A kind of blackmail.”Mrs. Moreen bounded up, which was what the young man wanted.“What do you mean by that?”“You practice on one’s fears—one’s fears about the child if one should go away.”“And pray, with whom should a child be but those whom he loves most?”“If you think that, why don’t you dismiss me?”“Do you pretend that he loves you more than he loves us” cried Mrs. Moreen.“I think he ought to. I make sacrifices for him. Though I’ve heard of those you make, I don’t see them.Mrs. Moreen stared a moment; then, with emotion, she grasped Pemberton’s hand. “Will you make it—the sacrifice?”Pemberton burst out laughing. “I’ll see—I’ll do what I can—I’ll stay a little longer. Your calculationis just—I do hate intensely to give him up; I’m fond of him and he interests me deeply, in spite of theinconvenience I suffer. You know my situation perfectly; I haven’t a penny in the world, and, occupiedas I am with Morgan, I’m unable to earn money.”Mrs. Moreen tapped her undressed arm with her folded banknote. “Can’t you write articles? Can’tyou translate as I do?”“I don’t know about translating; it’s wretchedly paid.”“I am glad to earn what I can,” said Mrs. Moreen virtuously, with her head held high.“You ought to tell me who you do it for.” Pemberton paused a moment, and she said nothing; so headded: “I’ve tried to turn off some sketches, but the magazines won’t have them—they’ve declinedwith thanks.”“You see then you’re not such a phoenix—to have such pretensions,” smiled his interlocutress.“I haven’t time to do things properly,” Pemberton went on. Then as it came over him that he wasalmost abjectly good-natured to give these explanations he added: “If I stay on longer it must be onone condition—that Morgan shall know distinctly on what footing I am.”Mrs. Moreen hesitated. “Surely you don’t want to show off to a child?”“To show you off, do you mean?”Again Mrs. Moreen hesitated, but this time it was to produce a still finer flower. “And you talk ofblackmail!”“You can easily prevent it,” said Pemberton.“And you talk of practicing on fears,” Mrs. Moreen continued.“Yes, there’s no doubt I’m a great scoundrel.”In the first paragraph, which of the following is physical evidence that Pemberton is “bored and irritated”?I.His standing positionII.The condition of his “wrapper”III.His gazeIV.His facial expression

复合题Volcanoesaretheultimateearth-movingmachinery.Eruptionshaveriftedcontinents,raisedmountainchains,constructedislandsandshapedthetopographyoftheearth.Theentireoceanfloorhasabasementofvolcanicbasalt.Volcanoeshavenotonlymadethecontinents,theyarealsothoughttohavemadetheworldsfirststableatmosphereandprovidedallthewaterfortheoceans,riversandice-caps.Therearenowabout600activevolcanoes.Everyyeartheyaddtwoorthreecubickilometersofrocktothecontinents.Imagineasimilarnumberofvolcanoessmokingawayformelast3,500millionyears.Thatisenoughrocktoexplainthecontinentalcrust.Whatcomesoutofvolcaniccratersismostlygas.Morethan90%ofthisgasiswatervaporfromthedeepearth:enoughtoexplain,over3,500millionyears,thewaterintheoceans.Therestofthegasisnitrogen,carbondioxide,sulphurdioxide,methane,ammoniaandhydrogen.Thequantityofthesegases,againmultipliedover3,500millionyears,isenoughtoexplainthemassoftheworldsatmosphere.Wearealivebecausevolcanoesprovidedthesoil,airandwaterweneed.Geologistsconsidertheearthashavingamoltencore,surroundedbyasemi-moltenmantleandabrittle,outerskin.Ithelpstothinkofasoft-boiledeggwitharunnyyolk,afirmbutsquishywhiteandahardshell.Iftheshellisevenslightlycrackedduringboiling,thewhitematerialbubblesoutandsetslikeatinymountainchainoverthecrack--likeanarchipelagoofvolcanicislandssuchastheHawaiianIslands.Buttheearthissomuchbiggerandthemantlebelowissomuchhotter.Eventhoughthemantlerocksarekeptsolidbyoverlyingpressure,theycanstillslowlyflowlikethicktreacle.Theflow;thoughttobeintheformofconvectioncurrents,ispowerfulenoughtofracturetheeggshellofthecrustintoplates,andkeepthembumpingandgrindingagainsteachother,orevenoverlapping,attherateofafewcentimetersayear.Thesefracturezones,wherethecollisionsoccur,arewhereearthquakeshappen.And,veryoften,volcanoes.

复合题Passage BOne of the qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one’ s mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like “I was wrong about that, ” and it is even harder to say “I was wrong, and you were right about that. ”I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood where I grew up, and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons. Then he related an incident and I began to remember vaguely the incident he was describing.I was about eight years old at the time, and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly grocery shopping. On that particular day, I must have found my way to the dairy food department where the incident took place.There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive display of eggs in dozen and half-dozen cartons. The cartons were stacked three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reasons, I decided it was up to me to put the display back together, so I went to work.The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared, I was on my knees inspecting some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken, but to him it looked as though I was the culprit. He severely reprimanded me and wanted me to pay for any broken eggs. I protested my innocence and tried to explain, but it did no good. Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident, apparently the manager did not.The tone of the article expresses the author’ s _____.

复合题Directions: In this part there are several passagesfollowed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose theone that you think is the best answer. Write your answerson the Answer Sheet.Passage One(1) There are certain women singers who possess, beyondall the boundaries of our admiration for their art, anuncanny power to evoke our love. And when we encounter thesimple dignity for their immediate presence, we suddenlyponder the mystery of human greatness.(2) Mahalia Jackson, a large handsome, brown-skinned womanwho began singing in her father’ s church at age of five,is a Negro of the American Negros. Born in New Orleans,she left school in the eighth grade went to work as anursemaid. Later she worked in the cotton fields ofLouisiana and as a domestic. Her social life was centeredin the Baptist church. She grew up with the sound of jazzin her ears and, being an admirer of Bessie Smith, wasaware of the prizes and acclaim awaiting any mistress ofthe blues: but in her religious views the blues and jazzwere profane forms and a temptation to be resisted. Shealso knew something of the painful experiences that gointo the forging of a true singer of the blues.(3) In 1927 Mahalia went to Chicago, where she worked aslaundress and studied beauty culture. Here, too, hersocial and artistic life was in the Negro community,centered in the Greater Salem Baptist Church. She became amember of the choir and a soloist with a quintet thattoured the churches affiliated with the National BaptistConvention. Up until the forties she operated within aworld of music confined, for the most part, to Negrocommunities, and it was by her ability to move suchaudiences as are found in these that her reputation grew.It was also such audiences that, by purchasing over twomillion copies of her famous “Move On Up a LittleHigher, ” brought her to national attention.(4) When listening to such recordings as Sweet LittleJesus Boy, Bless This House, we cannot escape the factthat Mahalia Jackson possessed of a profound religiousconviction. Nor can we escape the awareness that no singerliving has a great ability to move us—regardless of ourown religious attitudes—with the projected emotion of asong.

复合题As the great low ebb of high tech sweeps through the world of online commerce, two kinds of sites are weathering the storm. The first group is often referred to as “clicks and mortar”—online extensions of stores like Walmart or Sears. They take an existing, traditional business and extend it into the online arena. The second group provides a unique service made possible by the Internet’s special characteristics. Job sites and online auctioneer e-Bay are both good examples of the new breed of business that the Internet continues to foster.Cafepress. com is one of the latter group. It’s a website that provides users with online stores where they can sell shirts, mugs, and mouse pads customized with their own logos and/or slogans. By itself, this is a fairly useful service, and an example of how the Internet has changed the art of marketing and customer service. Cafepress. com, however, is rather remarkable for another reason. Customers don’t need to print large lots of items. They don’t need to worry about shipping the goods to their customers. And they don’t need to talk to another human being to get their store “built” in the first place. The site lets you upload an image and choose what sort of item you’d like it to appear on. You can then choose how much to mark the item up—the difference between the item’s base cost and your mark-up price is your profit.Base prices are high, but understandable when you consider what cafepress. com does for the initial investment. An 11-ounce mug starts at $10.99. For that, cafepress. com prints the mug on a piece-by-piece basis, provides the ordering software, handles the money, packs it, and ships it for you. The mug’s purchaser pays shipping and handling costs; the store owner’s effort is limited to uploading the original image for the mug, setting the cost, and writing a brief description of the item.It seems to be catching on. “More and more companies come to us, who want to do some kind of merchandising, who want to offer a range of products to their users, but don’t want the hassles associated with it,” says Maheesh Jain, cafepress, com’s co-founder and vice-president. “That’s where we come in--we’re one of the few companies that offer this kind of full-service solution.”But the most exciting aspect of cafepress. com is not its ability to help major corporations outsource and customize their merchandising efforts. What’s remarkable about the system is how simple it is to open a store. An average individual with an idea that could sell 50 T-shirts or mugs can’t justify a traditional merchandising effort, but with cafepress. com, users can easily bring ideas to fruition with very little time and no financial risk. Moreover, the quality of the merchandise is good; I’ve ordered a mug and a shirt from cafepress. com, and both were shipped relatively promptly, and arrived exactly as promised.Cafepress. com is an idea that’s easy to get excited about. It’s a small—but tangible—example of how the Internet can change the way we live.

复合题Themedicalworldisgraduallyrealizingthatthequalityoftheenvironmentinhospitalsmayplayasignificantroleintheprocessofrecoveryfromillness.InBritain,inordertobringartoutofthegalleriesandintopublicplaces,someofthecountry’smosttalentedmistshavebeencalledintotransformolderhospitalsandtosoftenthehardedgesofmodernbuildings.Now,almost100ofthe2,500NationalHealthServicehospitalsinBritainhavesignificantcollectionsofcontemporaryartincorridors,waitingareasandtreatmentrooms.Theserecentinitiativesoweagreatdealtooneartist,PeterSenior,whosetuphisstudioataManchesterhospitalinnortheasternEnglandduringtheearly1970s.Hefelttheartisthadlosthisplaceinmodernsociety,andthatartshouldbeenjoyedbyawideraudience.Atypicalhospitalwaitingroommighthaveasmanyas500visitorseachweek.Whatbetterplacetoholdregularexhibitionsofart?Peterheldthefirstexhibitionofhisownpaintingsintheout-patientswaitingareaoftheManchesterRoyalHospitalin1975.BelievedtobeBritain’sfirsthospitalartist,Peterwassomuchindemandthathewassoonjoinedbyateamofsixyoungartschoolgraduates.Theeffectisstriking.Now,inthecorridorsandwaitingrooms,thevisitorexperiencesafullviewoffreshcolors,playfulimagesandrestfulcourtyards.Thequalityoftheenvironmentmayreducetheneedforexpensivedrugswhenapatientisrecoveringfromanillness.Astudyhasshownthat,comparedwithpatientswhohadnopleasantvieworonlyabrickwalltolookat,patientswhohadaviewontoagardenneededhalfthenumberofstrongpainkillers.

复合题Collegestudentsaremorestressedoutthaneverbefore—atleastaccordingtothelatestfindingsofalarge,nationalsurveythathasbeenconductedannuallyforthelast25years.Thesurveyincludesmorethan200,000studentsattendingnearly300collegesandasksthemtoratehowtheirownmentalhealthstacksupwiththeirclassmates’—forexample,isit“aboveaverage”orinthe“highest10%”?ThissomewhatunusualmethodologytypicallyresultsinthestatisticalLakeWoebegoneffectinwhichmostpeopletendtooverestimatethemselvesinrelationtoothers(itreferstothefictionalLakeWoebegon,where“allthewomenarestrong,allthemenaregood-lookingandallthechildrenareaboveaverage”).Butthemostrecentresultsindicatethatfewerandfewerfreshmenfeelliketheyareintopformintermsofcopingwithstress.Aquartercenturyago,nearly70%offreshmenputthemselvesinthetop10%ofmentallystablepeopleintheirclass;todayonly52%ratethemselvesthathighly,down3pointssincelastyear.Students’self-esteem,however,isstillstrong:afull71%offreshmenputthemselvesinthetop10%intermsofacademicabilities.It’shardtoknowwhatthesenumbersactuallymean:obviously,it’snotmathematicallypossiblefor52%or71%ofpeopletobeinthetop10%ofanything.And,asIexploredearlier,people’sattemptstocomparethemselveswithothersareskewed(有偏差的)invariousways.Nevertheless,thefindingisinlinewithpreviousresearch,whichfoundthatalmosthalfofallcollegestudentswhoseekcounselingnowhaveamajormentalillness.That’smorethandoubletherateseen10yearsago.Sowhat’sgoingon?Obviously,theeconomyandhighunemploymentratemakeforascarytimetobeincollege,potentiallyfacingterrifyinglevelsofdebt—thatalonecouldaccountfortheincreaseinstress.Secondly,amuchmorerigorouslargestudyrecentlyfoundthatempathyamongcollegestudentshaddeclined40%,since2000—andsincecaringrelationshipsareessentialtomentalandphysicalhealth,adeclineinempathycouldalsoproduceadeclineinmentalhealthandcoping.MyfinalpointbringsusbacktomyearlierpostonaStanfordstudythatlookedatthepsychologicaleffectsofcomparingourselvestoothers.Itfoundthatthewaypeopletendtoconcealtheirnegativeemotionswhilebroadcastingtheirhappyonesmakestherestofusfeelsomehow“lessthan”—asthoughallourfriendsandneighborshavebetterlivesthanwedo.SocialmediasiteslikeFacebookandTwitterseemtohavemadethesecomparisonsevenmoreharmfulbyprovidingtheperfectvenuethroughwhichpeoplecancontinuallypresentaperfectversionofthemselves.Thisphenomenon,too,mighttieintowhythenewsurvey,“TheAmericanFreshman:NationalNorms,”foundthatstudentsarefeelinglessconfidentabouttheirlevelofemotionalandmentalstability.Ifallthestudentsaroundyouaredesperatelytryingtoputonahappyface—andyouperceivethatfaceasatruereflectionoftheirinnerselves,evenasyouworktohideyourownsadness—well,it’snotsurprisingthatsomanystudentsmightbegettingabit.Instead,ifstudentswereencouragedtofeelsafeexpressingtheirhonestemotions,evenabouttheirfearsandfailures,everyonemightfeelmoreconnected,happier—and,yes,healthier.

复合题Urbanisation in MEDCsCauses of UrbanisationUrbanisation means an increase in the proportion of peopleliving in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urbanarea is a built-up area such as a town or city. A ruralarea is an area of countryside.As a country industrialises, the number of people livingin urban areas tends to increase. The UK and many otherMEDCs urbanised during the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Peoplemigrated from rural areas (due to the mechanisation infarming) to urban areas where there was employment in thenew factories. The area of cities known as the inner citydeveloped during this time as rows of terraced housingwere built for workers.Today the UK is a mostly urban society, with 90% of thepopulation living in towns or cities. On a global scale,urbanisation is taking place rapidly, particularly inLEDCs.Although the UK is an urban society, more and more peopleare choosing to live on the edge of urban areas — withmany relocating to the countryside. This is calledcounter-urbanisation.Problems of Urbanisation in the CBD—Traffic CongestionAs more people move to the edge of towns and cities,traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drivetheir cars into the city centre to get to work.It is compounded by people being brought into city onlarge roads or motorways. These roads then link up withsmaller, older, narrower roads in the city centre. Thiscauses a bottleneck and congestion.Some cities have tried to manage this problem byintroducing traffic management schemes. These schemes mayinclude:·Park and ride schemes.·Cycle lanes.·Congestion charging schemes, such as those in Durham andLondon.·Car-pooling, as used in the USA, to encourage people toshare cars.·Low Emission Zones, as in London.Local councils have also tried to make the roads in urbanareas safer by introducing traffic calming, pedestrianzones, vehicle-exclusion zones and permit-only parkingschemes.Problems of Urbanisation in the Urban Rural Fringe-HousingDemandSocial and demographic changes are leading to a greaterdemand for housing. People are living longer, and choosingto marry later, and in recent years there has been a risein the number of single parent families. Added to this,the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries,e. g. from Poland which has recently joined the EU. Theresult is an ever-larger number of smaller households, allrequiring accommodation.However, building new, affordable homes in urban areas isdifficult. Land values are very high and land is in shortsupply:·Some developers are building on sites that have beenbuilt on before in the UK’ s inner cities. These arecalled brownfield sites. This has happened in many of theUK’ s inner cities.·Other developers are building homes on the edge of thecity on greenfield sites in the urban rural fringe. Landhere is cheaper but greenfield development can causeconflict with local people and create environmentalproblems.Sustainable CitiesMany people are working towards trying to make cities moresustainable. A sustainable city offers a good quality oflife to current residents but doesn’ t reduce theopportunities for future residents to enjoy.Key features of a sustainable city·Resources and services in the city are accessible toall.·Public transport is seen as a viable alternative tocars.·Public transport is safe and reliable.·Walking and cycling is safe.·Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable.·Wherever possible, renewable resources are used insteadof non-renewable resources.·Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled whereverpossible.·New homes are energy efficient.·There is access to affordable housing.·Community links are strong and communities work togetherto deal with issues such as crime and security.·Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all.·Inward investment is made to the CBD.A sustainable city will grow at a sustainable rate and useresources in a sustainable way.Think of the town or city you live in, or nearby.·Could it be more sustainable?·Do people walk, cycle or use public transport ratherthan cars?·Are there enough safe open spaces, services and culturalamenities for everyone?·Is there enough investment in the city centre?·Is there a strong sense of community?·Is waste recycled?·Is there affordable housing for everyone?·Are homes energy-efficient?·Do they use renewable energy?What does counter-urbanisation mean in the passage?

复合题Passage AWith medicine, the benefit of biotechnology has been obvious. People readily accept it when they see how better drugs and clearer diagnoses improve their lives. Why is it different when biotech is applied to agriculture? The answer is that the clearest gains from the current crop of genetically modified (GM) plants go not to consumers but to producers. Indeed, that was what their developers intended: an appeal to farmers offered the suppliers of GM technology the best hope of a speedy return. For consumers, especially in the rich world, the benefits of super-yielding soybeans are less clear: the world, by and large, already has too much food in its stores; developing countries principally lack money, not food as such. Yet companies still pitch their products as a cure for malnutrition even though little that they are doing can justify such a noble claim. In boasting the technology as the only answer to everything from pest control to world hunger, the industry has fed the popular view that its products are unsafe, unnecessary and bad for the environment.Of the two main charges against GM crops, by far the weaker is that they are unsafe to eat. Critics assert that genetic engineering introduces into food genes that are not present naturally, cannot be introduced through conventional breeding and may have unknown health effects that should be investigated before the food is sold to the public. GM crops such as the maize and soybeans that now blanket America certainly differ from their garden variety neighbors. But there is a broad scientific consensus that the present generation of GM foods is safe. Even so, this does little to reassure consumers. Food frights such as “mad cow” disease and revelations of cancer-causing dioxin in Belgian food have sorely undermined their confidence in scientific pronouncements and regulatory authorities alike. GM foods have little future in Europe until this faith can be restored.The second big worry about GM food is that it may harm the environment. The producers argue that the engineered traits—such as resistance to certain brands of herbicide or types of insects and virus—actually do ecological good by reducing chemical use and improving yields so that less land needs to go under the plough. Opponents retort that any such benefits are far outweighed by the damage such crops might do. They worry that pesticide-resistant genes may spread from plants that should be saved to weeds that have to be killed. They fear a loss of biodiversity. They worry that the in-built resistance to bugs that some GM crops will have may poison insects such as Monarch butterfly, and allow other, nastier bugs to develop a natural resistance and thrive.Many of the fears are based on results from limited experiments, often in the laboratory. The only way to discover whether they will arise in real life, or whether they will be any more damaging than similar risks posed by conventional crops and farming practice, is to do more research in the field. Banning the experimental growth of GM plants as some protesters want simply deprives scientists of their most fruitful laboratory.Critics of GM food argue that the pesticide-resistant genes _____.

复合题Will there ever be another Einstein? This is theundercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetingsthroughout the year. A new Einstein will emerge,scientists say. But it may take a long time. After all,more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearestrival, Isaac Newton.Many physicists say the next Einstein hasnt been bornyet, or is a baby now. Thats because the quest for aunified theory that would account for all the forces ofnature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. Newmath must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors workingagainst another Einstein emerging anytime soon.For one thing, physics is a much different field today. InEinsteins day, there were only a few thousand physicistsworldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectuallyrival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar withseats to spare.Education is different, too. One crucial aspect ofEinsteins training that is overlooked is the years ofphilosophy he read as a teenager—Kant, Schopenhauer andSpinoza, among others. It taught him how to thinkindependently and abstractly about space and time, and itwasnt long before he became a philosopher himself.“The independence created by philosophical insight is—inmy opinion—the mark of distinction between a mere artisan(工匠) or specialist and a real seeker after truth, ”Einstein wrote in 1944.And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay betweenmusic and math is well known. Einstein would furiouslyplay his violin as a way to think through a knotty physicsproblem.Today, universities have produced millions of physicists.There arent many jobs in science for them, so they go toWall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analyticalskills to more practical—and rewarding—efforts.“Maybe there is an Einstein out there today, ” saidColumbia University physicist Brian Greene, “but it wouldbe a lot harder for him to be heard. ”Especially considering what Einstein was proposing.“The actual fabric of space and time curving? My God,what an idea! ” Greene said at a recent gathering at theAspen Institute. “It takes a certain type of person whowill bang his head against the wall because you believeyoull find the solution. ”Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papersEinstein wrote in his “miracle year” of 1905. These“thought experiments” were pages of calculations signedand submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen derPhysik by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes orcitations.What might happen to such a submission today?“We all get papers like those in the mail, ” Greene said.“We put them in the junk file. ”What was critical to Einstein’ s success?

复合题WHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever- expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree.But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1, 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 year’ s time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50, 000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1, 068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100, 000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to other quality newspapers’ too. ) As soon as the committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’ t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50, 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls. There remains the dinner-party game of who’ s in, who’ s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America) .It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not yew memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: “Whether or not Hugo was a wall- painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility. ” Then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN’ s 3) , such as Roy Strong’ s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ” Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory. ” Doesn’ t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist? Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, ” except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke” .The author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to _____.

复合题Passage AThe Taming of Demon GoutGout is the aristocrat of diseases. Ancient philosophers and physicians attributed to high living, and it has often afflicted men of exceptional talent. Michelangelo suffered from gout, as did Galileo, Martin Luther, Samuel Johnson, Darwin, Sitting Bull, Theodore Roosevelt and, more recently, Cyrus Vance. Gout was called opprobrium medicorum—the physicians’ shame—because so little could be done to treat it. Victims faced excruciating pain, severe crippling and often death from kidney failure. But modem medicine has turned the demon gout into amicus medicorum—the physicians’ friend.The typical gout patient is a middle-aged man. Hobbling into the doctor’ s office, he complains of a severe throbbing pain in a joint. The disease usually strikes the foot, but it can also afflict the knee, ankle, elbow and hand. The spot is so sore, he says, that a bed sheet resting lightly on it, or even the wisp of a breeze, produces almost unbearable agony.One look at the red and swollen toe, hot and full of fluid, tells the physician that he is probably dealing with gout. To confirm the preliminary diagnosis, the doctor draws a sample of fluid from the inflamed spot. Using a microscope, he searches for thin crystals of uric acid, a natural by-product of metabolism that rises to abnormal levels in gout sufferers.Rheumatologists have learned just how the uric-acid crystals create the painful symptoms of gout. A tiny urate crystal, explains New York University’ s Dr. Gerald Weissman, lodges in a white blood cell near the joint. Eventually, the cell ruptures and dies, releasing toxic enzymes that cause inflammation and searing pain.Relief: The first stage of treatment is to relieve the acute symptoms. Doctors used to prescribe colchicine, an extract of the autumn crocus whose medicinal value was first discovered by the ancient Greeks. But colchicine has unpleasant side effects, including diarrhea and vomiting. So today, most physicians favor indomethacin, a potent pain killer that also reduces swelling and inflammation. Relief from the pain begins almost immediately.The second phase of treatment is prevention. Gout patients are usually put on a lifelong course of daily medication. Small doses of colchicine are given for up to a year, followed by one of two newer drugs: probenicid, which increases the excretion of uric acid from the body, or allopurinol, which inhibits production of uric acid. With these medications, many patients never experience a second attack.The latest research has punctured some of the popular myths about gout.Examples:—Overeating. For centuries, gout was blamed on rich food, and patients were kept on a strict diet. Gluttony cannot cause the disease, but eating certain foods can bring on an attack. Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of substances called purines, which are concentrated in organ meats, sardines, anchovies, scallops and other delicacies. Happily, with proper drugs, the gout victim need not curb his appetite. Advises Dr. Gerald Rodnan of the University of Pittsburgh: “Be merry and take your medicine. ”—Drinking. Alcohol does block the kidneys’ ability to excrete uric acid, but gout patients on medication may imbibe moderately without fear of an attack.—Talent. For mysterious reasons, gout seems to strike the eminent and successful in disproportionate numbers. Studies of soldiers and college students have demonstrated some correlation between high intelligence and high uric- acid levels. “The connection is beyond grandmothers’ tales, ” says Weissman, “but a lot of trivial explanations are possible. Maybe bright people eat more meat or don’ t urinate as much. ”To prevent further attacks of gout, what is the main function of a new drug called allopurinol?

复合题Passage AMurovyovka Nature Park, a private nature reserve, is the result of the vision and determination of one man, Sergei Smirenski. The Moscow University Professor has gained the support of international funds as well as local officials, businessmen and collective farm.Thanks to his efforts, the agricultural project is also under way to create an experimental farm to teach local farmers how to farm without the traditionally heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Two Wisconsin farmers, Don and Ellen Padley, spent last summer preparing land in Tanbovka district, where the park is located, and they will return this summer to plant it.Specialists from the University of Utah also came to study the local cattle industry, looking to develop possibilities for beef exports to Japan.Separately, 10 New Jersey school teachers will spend the summer in the district running summer camps for the local children that will stress field trips and lecture on the nature around them.These programs, particularly the agricultural project, are getting some funding support from the United States, including from the MacArthur Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the US Agency for International Development. The Trust for Mutual Understanding and the Weeden Foundation are also supporting the International Crane Foundation’ s work in creating the park.The World Bank is funding a small project to study the possibilities for eco-tourism in the Amur basin region. Delta Dream Vacations, a Delta Airlines subsidiary, is looking into flights to Khabarovsk and Vladivostok for ecology tours, with some of the money going to support the zapovedniks [totally wild preserves used only for scientific research] in the region.But this money has also generated a jealous attempt by the local wildlife service to block the Murovyovka project.They said, “Give us their money, and we’ ll do better, ” Smirenski says. They went to the local court to get a court order to halt the contract. Although they were successful at that level, the Amur regional government, with encouragement from Moscow, has already moved to reverse the decision as illegal.“I don’ t pay attention to this negative side. ” Smirenski says in characteristic optimistic fashion. “I decided we should continue to create. ”Beyond Murovyovka, there are even vaster grasslands and wetlands in the Amur basin that are vital nesting areas for rare birds such as the eastern white stork, and the red-crowned, white-naped, and hooded cranes. A complex of 100, 000 hectares, for example, lies largely unprotected in Zhuravalini [literally “a place for cranes” ] downstream from Murovyovka. Creation of a national park, allowing for tourist use, has been proposed for this area.A key part of the conservation strategy is to gain the support of regional governments by getting them to see that such internationally backed nature projects can lead to business and other ties, particularly to countries like Japan and China. For example, the cranes that nest in Russia have been tracked by satellite to wintering grounds in Izumi, on Japan’ s southern Kyushu Island. This linkage has proved useful in bringing regional officials from both countries together.Last summer, 100 Japanese school children from the Tama region outside of Tokyo came to Khabarovsk on the Amur to experience the kind of untouched nature that has disappeared from Japan. As part of the exchange, the Mayor of Tama donated 26 second-hand fire trucks to his counterpart. “After this, the mayor of Khabarovsk said, ‘Now I will listen to you, about your birds and all your problems, ’ ” recounts Smirenski. “Now the officials understand what cranes mean to them. ”What is a probable goal of the agricultural project?

复合题Recentstoriesinthenewspapersandmagazinessuggestthatteachingandresearchcontradicteachother,thatresearchplaystooprominentapartinacademicpromotions,andthatteachingisbadlyunderemphasized.Thereisanelementoftruthinthesestatements,buttheyalsoignoredeeperandmoreimportantrelationships.Researchexperienceisanessentialelementofhiringandpromotionataresearchuniversitybecauseitistheemphasisonresearchthatdistinguishessuchauniversityfromanartscollege.Someprofessors,however,neglectteachingforresearchandthatpresentsaproblem.Mostresearchuniversitiesrewardoutstandingteaching,butthegreatestrecognitionisusuallygivenforachievementsinresearch.Partofthereasonisthedifficultyofjudgingteaching.Ahighlyresponsibleandtoughprofessorisusuallyappreciatedbytopstudentswhowanttobechallenged,butdislikedbythosewhoserecordsarelessimpressive.Themildprofessorgetsoverallratingsthatareusuallyhigh,butthereisasenseofdisappointmentinthepartofthebeststudents,exactlythoseforwhomthesystemshouldpresentthegreatestchallenges.Thus,auniversitytryingtopromoteprofessorsprimarilyontheteachingqualitieswouldhavetoconfrontthisconfusion.Asmodernsciencemovesfaster,twoforcesareexertedonprofessor:oneisthetimeneededtokeeponwiththeprofession;theotheristhetimeneededtoteach.Thetrainingofnewscientistsrequiresoutstandingteachingattheresearchuniversityaswellastheartscollege.Althoughscientistsareusually“made”intheelementaryschools,scientistscanbe“lost”bypoorteachingatthecollegeandgraduateschoollevels.Thesolutionisnottoseparateteachingandresearch,buttorecognizethatthecombinationisdifficultbutvital.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewhoprofess,anditisperhapstimeforuniversitiestoreserveitforthosewillingtobeanearnestpartofthecommunityofscholars.Professorunwillingtoteachcanbecalled“distinguishedresearchinvestigators”orsomethingelse.Thepaceofmodernsciencemakesitincreasinglydifficulttobeagreatresearcherandagreatteacher.Yetmanyaredescribedinjustthoseterms.Thosewhosaywecanseparateteachingandresearchsimplydonotunderstandthesystembutthosewhosaytheproblemwilldisappeararenotfulfillingtheirresponsibilities.

复合题Directions: This section consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether I0 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (A) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it and put a slash (/) in the blank.

复合题Urbanisation in MEDCsCauses of UrbanisationUrbanisation means an increase in the proportion of peopleliving in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urbanarea is a built-up area such as a town or city. A ruralarea is an area of countryside.As a country industrialises, the number of people livingin urban areas tends to increase. The UK and many otherMEDCs urbanised during the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Peoplemigrated from rural areas (due to the mechanisation infarming) to urban areas where there was employment in thenew factories. The area of cities known as the inner citydeveloped during this time as rows of terraced housingwere built for workers.Today the UK is a mostly urban society, with 90% of thepopulation living in towns or cities. On a global scale,urbanisation is taking place rapidly, particularly inLEDCs.Although the UK is an urban society, more and more peopleare choosing to live on the edge of urban areas — withmany relocating to the countryside. This is calledcounter-urbanisation.Problems of Urbanisation in the CBD—Traffic CongestionAs more people move to the edge of towns and cities,traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drivetheir cars into the city centre to get to work.It is compounded by people being brought into city onlarge roads or motorways. These roads then link up withsmaller, older, narrower roads in the city centre. Thiscauses a bottleneck and congestion.Some cities have tried to manage this problem byintroducing traffic management schemes. These schemes mayinclude:·Park and ride schemes.·Cycle lanes.·Congestion charging schemes, such as those in Durham andLondon.·Car-pooling, as used in the USA, to encourage people toshare cars.·Low Emission Zones, as in London.Local councils have also tried to make the roads in urbanareas safer by introducing traffic calming, pedestrianzones, vehicle-exclusion zones and permit-only parkingschemes.Problems of Urbanisation in the Urban Rural Fringe-HousingDemandSocial and demographic changes are leading to a greaterdemand for housing. People are living longer, and choosingto marry later, and in recent years there has been a risein the number of single parent families. Added to this,the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries,e. g. from Poland which has recently joined the EU. Theresult is an ever-larger number of smaller households, allrequiring accommodation.However, building new, affordable homes in urban areas isdifficult. Land values are very high and land is in shortsupply:·Some developers are building on sites that have beenbuilt on before in the UK’ s inner cities. These arecalled brownfield sites. This has happened in many of theUK’ s inner cities.·Other developers are building homes on the edge of thecity on greenfield sites in the urban rural fringe. Landhere is cheaper but greenfield development can causeconflict with local people and create environmentalproblems.Sustainable CitiesMany people are working towards trying to make cities moresustainable. A sustainable city offers a good quality oflife to current residents but doesn’ t reduce theopportunities for future residents to enjoy.Key features of a sustainable city·Resources and services in the city are accessible toall.·Public transport is seen as a viable alternative tocars.·Public transport is safe and reliable.·Walking and cycling is safe.·Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable.·Wherever possible, renewable resources are used insteadof non-renewable resources.·Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled whereverpossible.·New homes are energy efficient.·There is access to affordable housing.·Community links are strong and communities work togetherto deal with issues such as crime and security.·Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all.·Inward investment is made to the CBD.A sustainable city will grow at a sustainable rate and useresources in a sustainable way.Think of the town or city you live in, or nearby.·Could it be more sustainable?·Do people walk, cycle or use public transport ratherthan cars?·Are there enough safe open spaces, services and culturalamenities for everyone?·Is there enough investment in the city centre?·Is there a strong sense of community?·Is waste recycled?·Is there affordable housing for everyone?·Are homes energy-efficient?·Do they use renewable energy?How to balance the conflict between current residents and future residents?

复合题Passage TwoBooks are the last defender of the old business model—theonly major medium that still hasn’ t embraced the digitalage. Publishers and author advocates have generallyrefused to put books online for fear the content will beNapsterized. And you can understand their terror, becausethe publishing industry is in big financial trouble,filled with layoffs and restructurings. Literary scholarsare worrying: Can books survive in this Facebooked, ADD,multichannel universe? To what I reply: Sure they can. Butonly if publishers open them up and provide new ways forpeople to encounter the written word. We need to stopthinking about the future of publishing and think insteadabout the future of reading.Every other form of media that’ s gone digital has beentransformed by its audience. Whenever a newspaper story orTV clip or blog post or white paper goes online, readersand viewers begin commenting about it on blogs, cuttingtheir favorite sections, passing them along. The onlyreason the same thing doesn’ t happen to books is thatthey’ re locked into ink on paper. Release them, and yourelease the crowd. BookGlutton, a site that launched lastyear, has put 1, 660 books online and created tools thatlet readers form groups to discuss their favorite titles.Meanwhile, Bob Stein, an e-publishing veteran from the CD-ROM days, put the Doris Lessing book The Golden Notebookonline with an elegant commenting system and hired sevenwriters to collaboratively read it.Neither move should come as a surprise. Books have acenturies-old tradition of annotation and commentary,ranging from the Talmud and scholarly criticism to bookclubs and marginalia. Stein believes that if books wereset free digitally, it could produce a class of“professional readers” —people so insightful that you’ dpay to download their footnotes. Sound unlikely? Italready exists in the real world: Microsoft researcherCathy Marshall has found that university studentscarefully study used textbooks before buying them, becausethey want to acquire the smartest notes.The technology is here. Imagine a world where there’ s aURL for every chapter and paragraph in a book—everysentence, even. Readers could point to their favoritesections in a MySpace update or instant message or respondto an argument by plentifully linking to the smartestpassages in a recent best seller. This would massivelyimprove what bibliophiles call book discovery. You’ re farmore likely to hear about a book if a friend hashighlighted a couple brilliant sentences in a Facebookupdate—and if you hear about it, you’ re far more likelyto buy it in print. Yes, in print: The few authors whohave experimented with giving away digital copies havefound that they end up selling more print copies, becausetheir books are discovered by more people.I’ m not suggesting that books need always be social. Oneof the chief pleasures of a book is mental solitude, thatdeep, quiet focus on an author’ s thoughts—and your own.That’ s not going away. But books have been held hostageoffline for far too long. Taking them digital will unlocktheir real hidden value: the readers.

语法与词汇I'll be with you in______.