阅读理解A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can be long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making bargains and binding the conduct of others. This exchange of promises came to be known as agreement and became more and more important in the fields of business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a contract is officially signed by the concerned parties, it creates legal obligations in the sense of law.A contract is the only document between the parties to which they may refer for clarification of mutual responsibilities, it should not be viewed as merely a document that initiates transaction and then filed and forgotten by the contracting parties. It must be drafted with an awareness of the background of the law in which the transaction takes place. It is proper to obtain legal advice as to the best set of contractual terms appropriate to the product and type of business.Though mast of the contracts have many provisions in common, each is different from the others owing to the nature of the goods, Whether we are dealing with a long or pro printed form of the contract, there are certain key provisions that every contract should contain to avoid ambiguity and possible future conflicts. Whether to include other specific provisions depends on the type of goods, shipping and insurance complexities, and degree of trust and mutual confidence existing between buyer and seller.

阅读理解Passage 1Larry Page should have been in a good mood. It was the fall of 2007, and Google’ s cofounder was in the middle of a five-day tour of his company^ European operations in Zurich, London, Oxford, and Dublin. The trip had been fun, a chance to get a ground-floor look at Google’ s ever- expanding empire. But this week had been particularly exciting, for reasons that had nothing to do with Europe; Google was planning a major investment in Face book, the hottest new company in Silicon Valley.Originally Google had considered acquiring Face book—a prospect that held no interest for Face book’ s executives —but an investment was another enticing option, aligning the Internet’ s two most important companies. Face book was more than a fast-growing social network. It was, potentially, an enormous source of personal data. Internet users behaved differently on Face book than anywhere else online: They used their real names, connected with their real friends, linked to their real email addresses, and shared their real thoughts, tastes, and news. Google, on the other hand, knew relatively little about most of its users other than their search histories and some browsing activity.But now, as Page took his seat on the Google jet for the two-hour flight from Zurich to London, something appeared to be wrong. He looked annoyed, one of his fellow passengers recalls. It turned out that he had just received word that the deal was off. Microsoft, Google Js sworn enemy, would be making the investment instead—$240 million for a 1. 6 percent stake in the company, meaning that Redmond valued Face book at an astonishing $15 billion.As the 767 took off, Page tersely but calmly shared the news with the others on the plane and answered their questions for about 15 minutes. “Larry was clearly, clearly unhappy about it/ the passenger says.Page soon got over it, but Face book’ s rejection was still a blow to Google; it had never lost a deal this big and this publicly. But according to Face bookers involved in the transaction, Mountain View never had much of a chance—all things being equal, Microsoft was always the favored partner. Google’ s bid was used primarily as a stalking horse, a tool to amp up the bidding. Face book executives weren t leaping at the chance to join with Google; they preferred to conquer it. 4CWe never liked those guys/5 says one former Face book engineer. “We all had that audacity, Anything Google does, we can do better/ No one talked about MySpace or the other social networks. We just talked about Google. ”Today， the Google-Face book rivalry isn’ t just going strong， it has evolved into a full-blown battle over the future of the Internet—its structure, design, and utility. For the last decade or so, the Web has been defined by Google’ s algorithms—rigorous and efficient equations that parse practically every byte of online activity to build a dispassionate atlas of the online world. Face book CEO Mark Zuckerberg envisions a more personalized, humanized Web, where our network of friends, colleagues, peers, and family is our primary source of information, just as it is offline. In Zuckerberg s vision, users will query this “social graph” to find a doctor， the best camera, or someone to hire—rather than tapping the cold mathematics of a Google search. It is a complete rethinking of how we navigate the online world, one that places Face book right at the center. In other words, right where Google is now.All this brave talk might seem easy to dismiss as the swagger of an arrogant upstart. After all, being Google is a little like being heavyweight champion of the world— everyone wants a shot at your title. But over the past year, Face book has gone from glass-jawed flyweight to legitimate contender. It has become one of the most popular online destinations. More than 200 million people —about one-fifth of all Internet users—have Face book accounts. They spend an average of 20 minutes on the site every day. Face book has stolen several well-known Google employees, from COO Sheryl Sandburg to chef Josef Desimone; at least 9 percent of its staff used to work for the search giant. And since last December, Face book has launched a series of ambitious initiatives, designed to make the social graph an even more integral part of a user’ s online experience. Even some Googlers concede that Face book represents a growing threat. Eventually, we are going to collide, ” one executive says.It is remarkable that the most powerful company on the Web would feel threatened by one that has yet to turn a profit. (Last year, one insider estimates, Face book burned through $75 million plus the $275 million in revenue it brought in; Google made $4. 2 billion on an astounding $15. 8 billion in net revenue. ) And even Face book executives concede that Google has secured an insurmountable lead in search advertising—those little text ads that pop up next to search results—which accounts for about 90 percent of Google’ s net revenue. But they say they are going after an even bigger market: the expensive branding campaigns that so far have barely ventured online. Once, Google hoped an alliance with Face book would help attract those huge ad budgets. Now, instead of working together to reach the promised land of online brand advertising, Face book and Google are racing to see who can get there first.Like typical trash-talking youngsters, Face book sources argue that their competition is old and out of touch. Google is not representative of the future of technology in any way one Face book veteran says. Face book is an advanced communications network enabling myriad communication forms. It almost doesn’ t make sense to compare them. ”FACE BOOK’ S 4-Step Plan for Online DominationMark Zuckerberg has never thought of his company as a mere social network. He and his team are in the middle of a multiyear campaign to change how the Web is organized— with Face book at the center. Here’ s how they hope to pull it off.(1)Build critical mass In the eight months ending in April, Face book has doubled in size to 200 million members, who contribute 4 billion pieces of info, 850 million photos, and 8 million videos every month. The result: a second Internet, one that includes users’ most personal data and resides entirely on Face book’ s servers. (2) Redefine search Face book thinks its members will turn to their friends— rather than Google’ s algorithms—to navigate the Web. It already drives an eyebrow-raising amount of traffic to outside sites, and that will only increase once Face book Search allows users to easily explore one another’ s feeds. (3) Colonize the Web Thanks to a pair of new initiatives—dubbed Face book Connect and Open Stream—users don’ t have to log in to Facebook to communicate with their friends. Now they can access their network from any of 10, 000 partner sites or apps, contributing even more valuable data to Facebook’ s servers every time they do it. (4) Sell targeted ads, everywhere Face book hopes to one day sell advertising across all of its partner sites and apps, not just on its own site. The company will be able to draw on the immense volume of personal data it owns to create extremely targeted messages. The challenge: not freaking out its users in the process.To understand Face book’ s challenge to Google, consider my friend and neighbor Wayne, a PhD in computer science from UC Berkeley and a veteran of many big-time programming jobs. I know a lot about him because we are friends. I know even more because we are Face book friends. On his online profile, I not only find the standard personal-blog-type information—his birthday, address, resume, and pictures of his wife, son, and step- kids. I also discover that he likes to make beer, that he had dinner at one of my favorite restaurants last week, and that he likes to watch cartoons. Indeed, he has posted something about his life almost every day for the past two months-wondering whether his son’ s Little League game will get rained out， asking his friends what the impeller in his central heating unit does. But if I type Wayne’ s name into Google, I learn very little. I am directed to an old personal Web site, with links that have almost all expired, and a collection of computer-science papers he has written over the years. That’ s about it. Hardly any of Wayne’ s Face book information turns up on a Google search, because all of it, along with similar details about the other 200 million Face book users， exists on the social network’ s roughly 40, 000 servers. Together, this data comprises a mammoth amount of activity, almost a second Internet. By Face book5s estimates, every month users share 4 billion pieces of information-news stories, status updates, birthday wishes, and so on. They also upload 850 million photos and 8 million videos. But anyone wanting to access that stuff must go through Face book; the social network treats it all as proprietary data， largely shielding it from Google’ s crawlers. Except for the mostly cursory information that users choose to make public, what happens on Face book’ s servers stays on Face book’ s servers. That represents a massive and fast-growing blind spot for Google, whose long-stated goal is to “organize the world’ s information. ” Face book isn’ t just kneecapping Google’ s search engine; it is also competing with it. Face book encourages its 200 million members to use Microsoft5s search engine, which it installed on its homepage late last year as part of the deal struck between the two companies. At press time, it was also planning to launch Face book Search, allowing users to scour one another s feeds. Want to see what some anonymous schmuck thought about the Battlestar Galactica finale? Check out Google. Want to see what your friends had to say? Try Face book Search. And it will not only be for searching within Face book. Because Face book friends post links to outside sites, you will be able to use it as a gateway to the Web-making it a direct threat to Google. Why settle for articles about the Chrysler bankruptcy that the Google News algorithm recommends when you can read what your friends suggest? Already, Face book is starting to horn in on Google 5s role as the predominant driver of Web traffic. According to Hitwise, Face book in recent months has sent more traffic than Google to Evite, video site Tagged. com, and gossip mills Perez Hilton. com and Dlisted. That trend should only grow with the advent of Face book Search.These are just the latest moves in an ambitious campaign to make the social graph an integral, ubiquitous element of life online. In December, Face book launched Connect, a network of more than 10, 000 independent sites that lets users access their Face book relationships without logging in to Facebook . com. Go to Digg, for instance, and see which stories friends recommended. Head to Citysearch and see which restaurants they have reviewed. Visit TechCrunch, Gawker, or the Huffington Post and read comments they have left. On Inauguration Day, millions of users logged in to CNN. com with their Face book ID and discussed the proceedings with their friends in real time.In April, Face book announced its Open Stream API, allowing developers to create mashups using Face book’ s constantly updated stream of user activity. Previously, users who wanted to read their friends5 News Feeds had to go to the Face book site. Now developers can export that information to any site or to freestanding applications, much as Twitter desktop clients do for Tweets.Connect and Open Stream don’ t just allow users to access their Face book networks from anywhere online. They also help realize Face book’ s longtime vision of giving users a unique, Web-wide online profile. By linking Web activity to Face book accounts, they begin to replace the largely anonymous “no one knows you’ re a dog” version of online identity with one in which every action is tied to who users really are.To hear Face book executives tell it, this will make online interactions more meaningful and more personal. Imagine, for example, if online comments were written by people using their real names rather than by anonymous trolls. Up until now all the advancements in technology have said information and data are the most important thing/9 says Dave Morin, Face book’ s senior platform manager. “The most important thing to us is that there is a person sitting behind that keyboard. We think the Internet is about people. ”But you don’ t build a competitor to Google with people alone. You need data. And Connect and Open Stream are intended to make Face book a much more powerful force for collecting user information. Any time someone logs in to a site that uses Connect or Open Stream, they give Face book the right to keep track of any activity that happens there-potentially contributing tons more personal data to Face book’ s servers. Face book Connect and Open Stream are also designed to make each user’ s friend network, which belongs to Face book, even more valuable and crucial to the Web experience. Together, they aim to put Face book users5 social networks at the center of all they do online.Mark Zuckerberg is notoriously cocky, even by the standards of Silicon Valley. Two years ago, he walked away from a reported nearly $ 1 billion offer from Yahoo for his company. He could have sold to Google or Microsoft for a lot more. His business cards once famously read: im ceo . . . bitch . And he has described Face book as a once-in-a- century communications revolution, implying that he is right up there with Gutenberg and Marconi.Still, you’ d think he might play it a little cool when discussing Google, not wanting to antagonize the most powerful company on the Internet. But Zuckerberg doesn’ t pull any punches, describing Google as “a top-down way” of organizing the Web that results in an impersonal experience that stifles online activity. “You have a bunch of machines and algorithms going out and crawling the Web and bringing information back he says. ” That only gets stuff that is publicly available to everyone. And it doesn’ t give people the control that they need to be really comfortable. ” Instead, he says, Internet users will share more data when they are allowed to decide which information they make public and which they keep private. No one wants to live in a surveillance society, ” Zuckerberg adds, “which, if you take that to its extreme, could be where Google is going”In a way, Face book’ s dilemma extends from its success. Users see the site as sanctified space, a place to engage in intimate conversations with friends-not to be laser- beamed by weirdly personal advertising. But with initiatives like Connect and Open Stream, Face book can sell ads beyond its own site. Just as Google’ s AdSense program sells ads on any participating Web site, Connect and Open Stream will eventually push Face book-brokered advertising to any member site or app. But unlike with AdSense, Face book’ s ads could be exquisitely tailored to their targets. No one out there has the data that we have, ” says COO Sandberg.That’ s where the big-budget brand advertisers come in. Google has courted them for four years， to no avail. That’ s because, while search ads are great at delivering advertising to users who are seeking specific products, they are less effective at creating demand for stuff users don’ t yet know they want. Google has tried everything to lure brand advertisers—from buying and selling radio ads to purchasing YouTube. And it is easy to see why it keeps trying. Today, global online brand advertising accounts for just $50 billion a year. Offline brand advertising, meanwhile, accounts for an estimated $500 billion.Google’ s desire to crack the brand-advertising conundrum is so intense, some company executives have even considered swallowing their pride and pursuing another deal with Face book. But whether or not it ultimately friends the social network, Google has clearly been influenced by it. On December 4, the same day that Face book Connect launched, Google unveiled its own version, Friend Connect, which allows Web sites to link to accounts on any of the major social networks—including MySpace, Linkedln, Ning, Hi5, and Bebo. In March, four months after Face book reportedly offered $500 million in a failed bid for Twitter, reports surfaced that Google was holding similar talks. (A Google insider confirms the discussions. ) It is easy to see the appeal: Twitter is growing even faster than Face book—doubling its membership in March—and would give Google access to the kind of personal information that fills Face book News Feeds. And Google recently announced Wave, a Web communications platform that encourages Face book-like sharing and conversations. The company even seems to have conceded Zuckerberg’ s point about its impersonal search results. In April, Google announced a plan to allow individuals to create detailed profiles that would show up whenever anyone searches for their name. If they opt for this service—a big if—users gain greater control over how they are portrayed online, which will give them the incentive to share with Google the kind of personal information they had previously shared only with Face book.Google has even shown a willingness to join Face book in gingerly tapping the third rail of Internet marketing- behavioral targeting. The search giant has long assured its users that it would never use their personal information to deliver targeted advertising, relying instead on aggregate data or search activity that preserves anonymity. ( There is a line with users that you don’ t want to cross, ” Google CEO Eric Schmidt said in the wake of the Beacon controversy. ) But in March, Google started its own behavioral targeting campaign—tracking users5 browsing to deliver more-customized ads. Users have the option to either edit their profiles or opt out entirely.In September 2007, Gideon Yu was hired as Face book’ s CFO. Before that, the 38-year-old had been CFO at YouTube, where he negotiated its acquisition by Google. He d also put in four years as Yahoo5s treasurer and v/as one of its top dealmakers. Face book announced the hire with much fanfare. “I consider it kind of a coup that we were able to recruit him here, ” Zuckerberg told the Wall Street Journal. “He’ s just excellent. ”Nineteen months later, Yu was gone. It was a short tenure- not unprecedented for a private-company CFO. But Zuckerberg turned Yu5s departure into a kerfuffle by publicly trashing him, saying that the job had simply outgrown him and that Face book now needed a CFO with substantial public company experience. ” To many， the performance was a stark reminder that the Face book CEO, while undeniably ambitious and brilliant, was still just 24 years old. (He’ s 25 now. )Zuckerberg’ s youth has given Googlers some confidence. After all, even under the most sage and steady leadership, Face book would be confronted with a difficult challenge: turning a massive user base into a sustainable business. (Just ask Friendster, MySpace, YouTube, and Twitter. ) Through Google’ s own experience with YouTube, they have seen how expensive it can be to keep up with exploding user growth. They inked a disastrous $900 million partnership with My Space in 2006, a failure that taught them how hard it is to make money from social networking. And privately, they don’ t think Face book’ s staff has the brainpower to succeed where they have failed. If they found a way to monetize all of a sudden, sure, that would be a problem, ” says one highly placed Google executive. “But they’ re not going to. ”Face book’ s naysayers have a point. But before they get too complacent, they might remember another upstart that figured out a new way to organize the Internet. For five years, it worked on building its user base and perfecting its product, resisting pleas from venture capitalists to figure out how to make money. It was only after it had made itself an essential part of everyone’ s online life that its business path became clear—and it quickly grew to become one of the world’ s most powerful and wealthy companies. The name of that company, of course, was Google.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1Each summer, no matter how pressing my work schedule, I take off one day exclusively for my son. We call it dad- son day. This year our third stop was the amusement park, where he discovered that he was tall enough to ride one of the fastest roller coasters in the world. We blasted through face-stretching turns and loops for ninety seconds. Then, as we stepped off the ride, he shrugged and, in a distressingly calm voice, remarked that it was not as exciting as other rides he’ d been on. As I listened, I began to sense something seriously out of balance.Throughout the season, I noticed similar events all around me. Parents seemed hard pressed to find new thrills for indifferent kids. Surrounded by ever-greater stimulation, their young faces were looking disappointed and bored.Facing their children’ s complaints of nothing to do. Parents were shelling out large numbers of dollars for various forms of entertainment. In many cases the money seemed to do little more than buy transient relief from the terrible moans of their bored children. This set me pondering the obvious question. How can it be so hard for kids to find something to do when there’ s never been such a range of stimulating entertainment available to them？ What really worries me is the intensity of the stimulation. I watch my little daughter’ s face as she absorbs the powerful onslaught of arousing visuals and bloody special effects in movies.Why do children immersed in this much excitement seem starved for more? That was, I realized, the point. I discovered during my own reckless adolescence that what creates excitement is not going fast, but going faster. Thrills have less to do with speed than changes in speed.I’ m concerned about the cumulative effect of years at these levels of feverish activity. It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic and burned out, with a been there, done that air of indifference toward much of life. As increasing numbers of friends’ children are prescribed medications-stimulants to deal with inattentiveness at school or anti-depressants to help with the loss of interest and joy in their lives, I question the role of kids’ boredom in some of the diagnoses.My own work is focused on the chemical imbalances and biological factors related to behavioral and emotional disorders. These are complex problems. Yet I’ ve been reflecting more and more on how the pace of life and the intensity of stimulation may be contributing to the rising rates of psychiatric problems among children and adolescents in our society.

阅读理解Passage 2Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional, it has been speculated that as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales ‘often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater- specifically a grey whale calf in Captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii - have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air- water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’ s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds the) , produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else) . Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.

阅读理解Investigators of monkeys' social behavior

阅读理解Directions： There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statement. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and choose the ONE answer that is most appropriate.Passage 1Will China’ s investment in 3G services and its strength as a manufacturing hub be enough to revive Asia’ s economy?The story of the global recession’ s impact on high— technology industry is written in the red ink of earnings statements, bankruptcies and shotgun consolidations around the world, such is the uncertainty we see during this historic downturn.But the response from governments around the world was swift last autumn, when the first effects of the mortgage industry’ s collapse began rippling around the globe. Today, industry is hoping that government stimulus money will lift all stranded boats.Nowhere is this prospect more intriguing than in Asia, where the confluence of government fiscal policy, emerging electronics businesses and expanding wireless and wired networking needs could lift both the region and the world.Stimulus plans in countries such as China, Japan, Korea and India vary in scope and detail, but there is money in each country’ s plans that will directly or indirectly help to boost the communications sector to one degree or another.Here’ s all overview of each country’ s approach to fiscal stimulus：China-Total fiscal stimulus to date US$586bnStimulus actions target: rural infrastructure; water; electricity; transportation; the environment; technological innovation and rebuilding after disasters such as earthquakes. In addition, China altered some tax laws to stimulate growth and innovation.Among them, it has dropped the tax rate from 25 percent to 15 percent for companies that qualify as “high and new technology enterprises. ” Such companies that establish a presence in China’ s special economic zones or in the Pudong New Area in Shanghai are eligible for a two-year tax holiday, followed by a three-year period in which they pay 12. 5 percent tax. In addition, companies will be able to deduct 150 percent of qualified RD expenses for an unspecified time.Japan-Total fiscal stimulus to date US$104bn (2. 2 percent of GDP)Stimulus money includes: support for household consumption; funds on a priority basis to research advanced technologies and related research; and a reduction of taxes on eco-friendly cars.South Korea-Total fiscal stimulus to date US$26. 1bn (2. 7 percent of GDP)Stimulus money targets green technology and value-added services to build new engines of growth, including: sustainable energy; technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; information technologies; healthcare and tourism. Additional measures include expanding tax breaks for increased RD, cutting some withholding rates on corporations and eliminating penalties on additional tax resulting from transfer pricing adjustments.India-Total fiscal stimulus to date US$6. 5bn (0. 5 percent of GDP)Stimulus actions include: value-added tax cut; infrastructure investments (mostly in rural areas) ; other measures to help businesses.One thread through these plans is what the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD. is calling “the networked recovery” , in which much of a given country’ s hoped-for economic turnaround is tied to investment in information and communications technology(ICT) .“The focus of many plans is on closing the broadband gap by providing universal broadband coverage throughout the country, but mostly in rural and remote areas. Some plans also devote resources to building out new, very high-speed networks, ” the 0ECD reported in June.Where countries have existing and robust communications infrastructures, the stimulus targets may be funnelled toward specific uses. Japan for instance, is spending$29bn in ICT improvements, including building new fibre-optic networks for the medical sector. Another significant source of stimulus money that will affect communications players less directly will come from green-infrastructure initiatives in many countries that aim to deliver a smart electricity-delivery system (smart grid. more energy- efficient buildings and the like.As bellwether for Asian economies, however look no farther than China*, which not only has the biggest stimulus plan in the region but is also an important manufacturing centre for customers around the world. As China goes, so goes the world.“The government is doing good things, lots of stimulus in infrastructure building for 3G. That helps ZTE and Huawei, and the government has big stimulus plans for consumers to buy electronics, ” said Michael Clendenin, co-founder and principal analyst at Red TECH Advisors in Shanghai.China began the construction of in 3G mobile system in earnest in January, issuing 3G licenses to the big three carriers, China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom. “The government sees 3G as a great way to get stimulus money into the system, ” Clendenin added. This might result in an investment of up to $40bn, market analyst Gartner Dataquest has estimated.The biggest concentration of 3G builds-out is on China’ s densely populated east coast and in the So-called Tier l cities, such as Beijing. But the government also is targeting rollouts for every regional and provincial capital in the country-more than 30 Tier 2 cities, where the populations are three to five million people, Clendenin said.“When you look at the footprint at the end of this year, the network will be either fully rolled out or have spotty coverage in 200 to 300 cities, ” he said.That massive push is already showing economic results. Equipment and IC vendors are beginning to see some benefit, including at companies such as ZTE. Huawei, Ericsson, Siemens, Qualcomm and PMC-Sierra, which reported that 46 percent of its total sales came from China in the first quarter of 2009.Cartner Dataquest recently reported that Broadcom saw 35. 4 percent of sales come from Asia. Pacific customers in the first quarter of 2009, compared with 27. 2 percent in the first quarter of 2008. Smaller vendors Vitesse Semiconductor and Mind speed Technologies both reported significant exposure to Huawei and ZTE in the first quarter of 2009.During the first five months of the year, revenue among China telecom equipment vendors was$12bn, up l7 percent compared with the same period in2008. That period in 2008 was up just 2. 7 percent from 2007, so the sector is gaining momentum, Clendenin suggested.But how is this build-out trickling down to the shell- shocked semiconductor industry? It’ s a difficult question to answer at this point. If China’ s huge stimulus programme is expected to revive the IC industry, signs of it doing so remain mixed, according to Sergis Mushell, a principal analyst at Gartner.“The most direct impact we’ ve seen is the build-out on wireless 3G infrastructure in Asian economies” . Mushell said. “That’ s turned into orders and semiconductor vendors have seen the effect. The challenge is these orders come in sporadically. ”“Indeed, vendors are experiencing rush orders from companies such as ZTE and Huawei which may create inventory over-build problems in the coming weeks. ” Mushell said.“The deployment of cellular and wire line infrastructure in developing countries, such as India and China, has tended to be sporadic in the past, and current order rates are inciting concerns over potential short-ram over- ordering, ”he wrote in a recent Gartner report with colleagues Peter Middleton and Oliver Xu.Mushell commented: “Put that into perspective, and one thing becomes clear: (IC vendors) are all getting the same call and volume orders, but there is no long-term visibility. ” Given the history of sporadic ordering from China, Mushell said, semiconductor vendors should be cautious about building their inventory.Will Asia s stimulus packages boost the communications industry and revive a deeply scarred electronics industry? The jury is out, since the money is just beginning to make its way through the electronics supply chain. Some observers are skeptical.There are legitimate questions about the effectiveness of fiscal stimulus, especially in economies where the financial system has broken down and where monetary policy can no longer play much of a supporting role, ” Eswar Prasad and Isaac Sorkin wrote this spring in a Brookings Institution report assessing global stimulus plans.“Moreover, excessive government borrowing to finance large budget deficits could itself generate instability, and there are serious concerns about the medium-term sustainability of fiscal positions in economies that are building up public debt at a rapid pace. Given the dire and fast-deteriorating economic situation and the lack of other tools, however, the world may have little choice but to engage in massive front-loaded fiscal expansion. ”The creative destruction that accompanies economic recessions can serve as an opportunity for companies who not only continue to invest in RD but are also lucky-or clever-enough to be in the right place at the right time. Google, Apple, and Samsung, for example, were among a number of companies that maintained or increased spending during the dotcom bust of 2001 to 2003.From any nation’ s standpoint, a similar strategy can both drive years of future prosperity and lift the fortunes of suppliers associated with their spending programmes.Take South Korea. The Asian nation was staggered by the Asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, but the government took steps to modify tax codes and boost spending on areas such as education and RD、 with an eye towards the future. At the time of the currency crisis, there were 3, 000 corporate RD labs in South Korea. That number tripled by 2001, and the number of venture capital firms exploded from100 to 11, 000, according to the OECD report.“Government action helped shape an environment that enabled new businesses to seize upon these emerging opportunities, ” the report noted.

阅读理解Much has been written about poverty but none

阅读理解Directions: Read the following passage followed by 5multiple-choice questions. Choose the one best answer toeach of the questions.The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker ofWelsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welshwould go the way of Manx. Once widely spoken on the isleof Man but now extinct. Government financing and centralplanning, however, has helped reverse the decline ofWelsh. Road signs and official public documents arewritten in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren arerequired to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of themost successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken bymore than a half-million of the country’s three millionpeople.The revival of the language, particularly among youngpeople is part of a resurgence of national, identitysweeping through this small, proud nation. Last monthWales marked the second anniversary of the opening of theNational Assembly, the first parliament to be convenedhere since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restorethe balance within the union of nations making up theUnited Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth,England has always had bragging rights. The partialtransfer of legislative powers from Westminster,implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the othermembers of the club-Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemedto threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereasthe Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the votefor a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than onepercent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powerswere proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide howmuch money from Westminster or the European Union isspent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh,enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growingto like their Assembly. Many people would like it to havemore powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow withthe opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one ofmany new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from adecaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city.Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from theEuropean Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of thepoorest regions in Western Europe-only Spain, Portugal,and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories aboutgreat Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. Tofamiliar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Bartonhave been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones,the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer.Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue, gradWales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru,which means “land of compatriots, ” is the Welsh name forWaies. The red dragon, the nation’ s symbol since the timeof King Arthur, is everywhere: on T-shirts, rugby jerseysand even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had thisfeeling of being second-class citizens, ” said DyfanJones, an 18-year-old student, it was a warm summer night,and I was sitting on the grass with a group of youngpeople in Lianelli, an industrial town in the south,outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,Wales’ s annual cultural festival. The disused factory infront of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack ofconfidence, ” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in hisWelshness as in his membership in the English-speaking,global vouth culture and the new federal Europe , Dyfan,like the rest of his generation, is growing up with asense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We usedto think. We can’ t do anything, we’ re only Welsh. Now Ithink that’ s changing. ”

阅读理解Passage TwoAccustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent” , the film has never been, in the full sense of the word. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if, indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then) , the musical arrangement as normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as “pleasant, “sad” , “lively” . The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith’ s film Birth of a Nation which was released in 1915.

阅读理解Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D. You should decide on the best choice. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneWilfred Emmanuel-Jones was a teenager before he saw his first cow in his first field. Born in Jamaica, the 47- year-old grew up in inner-city Birmingham before making a career as a television producer and launching his own marketing agency. But deep down he always nurtured every true Englishman’ s dream of a rustic life, a dream that his entrepreneurial wealth has allowed him to satisfy. These days he ’ s the owner of a thriving 12-hectare farm in deepest Devon with cattle, sheep and pigs. His latest business venture: pushing his brand of Black Fanner gourmet sausages and barbecue sauces. “My background may be very urban, ” says Emmanuel-Jones. “But it has given me a good idea of what other urbanites want. ”Emmanuel-Jones joins a herd of wealthy fugitives from city life who are bringing a new commercial know-how to British farming. Britains burgeoning farmers markets-numbers have doubled to at least 500 in the last five years—swarm with specialty cheesecakes, beekeepers or organic smallholders who are redeploying the business skills they learned in the city. “Everyone in the rural community has to come to terms with the fact that things have changed” , says Emmanuel-Jones. “ You can produce the best food in the world, but if you don’ t know how to market it, you are wasting your time. We are helping the traditionalists to move on. ”The emergence of the new class of super peasants reflects some old yearnings. If the British were the first nation to industrialize, they were also the first to head back to the land. “There is this romantic image of the countryside that is particularly English, ” says Alun Howkins of the University of Sussex, who reckons the population of rural England has been rising since 1911. Migration into rural areas is now running at about 100, 000 a year, and the hunger for a taste of the rural life has kept land prices buoyant even as agricultural incomes tumble. About 40 percent of all farmland is now sold to “ lifestyle buyers” rather than the dwindling number of traditional farmers, according to the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.What ’s new about the latest returnees is their affluence and zeal for the business of producing quality foods, if only at a micro-level. A healthy economy and surging London house prices have helped to ease the escape of the would-be rustics. The media recognize and feed the fantasy. One of the big TV hits of recent years, the “ River Cottage” series, chronicled the attempts of a London chef to run his own Dorset farm. Naturally, the newcomers can’t hope to match their city salaries, but many are happy to trade any loss of income for the extra job satisfaction. Who cares if there ’s no six-figure annual bonus when the land offers other incalculable compensations?Besides, the specialist producers can at least depend on a burgeoning market for their products. Today 5 s eco-aware generation loves to seek out authentic ingredients. “People like me may be making a difference in a small way, ” Jan McCourt, a onetime investment banker now running his own 40-hectare spread in the English Midlands stocked with rare breeds. Optimists see signs of far- reaching change: Britain isn ’ t catching up with mainland Europe; it ’ s leading the way. “Unlike most other countries, where artisanal food production is being eroded, here it is being recovered, ” says food writer Matthew Fort. “It may be the mark of the next stage of civilization that we rediscover the desirability of being a peasant. ”

阅读理解Directions: There are 4 passages followed by somequestions or unfinished statements, you should answer thequestions or decide on the best choice on the AnswerSheet.Passage 3There is a great deal of controversy within the medicalprofession regarding the use and value of the coronarybypass procedure, and for more than eight years theAmerican Heart Association has discussed the question atits regular scientific sessions.The bypass operation consists of open heart surgery inwhich the physician takes a vein from the patient’ s legand implants it near the heart to construct a passagearound the blockage in a clogged artery so that blood canflow freely by. The operation performed on about 100, 000persons a year in the US and costs approximately $10, 000.The procedure is designed to relieve the pain of anginapectoris which occurs when the blood supply’ s obstructedand also to allow the patient more freedom of sustainedactivity.In persons with advanced heart disease and blockage inseveral arteries, the bypass operation is considered bymost doctors to be the preferable means of prolonginglife. In the case of those with a less advanced disease,or where only one artery is involved, the advisability ofthe procedure is much more controversial. The operationdoesn’ t cure the disease that caused the blocked arteryin the first place. According to some studies, somewherearound half of the patients have another blocked arterywithin five years, and in some cases even within one year.There is of course a mortality rate in any major operationwhich varies from physician to physician and hospital tohospital. The danger to the patient is greatly increasedif he is in generally poor condition, very advanced inage, or suffering from some serious or debilitatingillness. It is essential that the operation be performedby a skilled surgeon knowledgeable about this particulartechnique and in a hospital with the best possiblefacilities for his use.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylishathletic shoes called footwear for yuppies. They contendthat Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments,especially now that the company offers basketball andchildren’ s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoesfor older customers not interested in aerobics or running.The executives also point out that through recentacquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress andcasual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear totheir product lines, all of which should attract new andvaried groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plansfew changes in the upmarket retailing network that helpedpush sales to $ 1 billion annually, ahead of all othersports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from$ 27 to $ 85, will continue to be sold only in betterspecialty, sporting goods, and department stores, inaccordance with the company’ s view that consumers judgethe quality of the brand by the quality of itsdistribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company hasimposed limits on the number of its distributors (and thenumber of shoes supplied to stores) , partly out ofnecessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’ sexceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up withorders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillmentproblems seem to be under control now, but the company isstill selective about its distributors. At present, Reebokshoes arc available in about five thousand retail storesin the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will bethe next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoesthe same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercisefootwear replaced conventional running shoes. Throughproduct diversification and careful market research,Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike cameacross several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strengthof the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload hugeinventories of running shoes through discount stores.

阅读理解Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D. You should decide on the best choice. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually, challenged that view. From the small intestine，secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery purred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormone, meaning “ to excite” or “ to set in motion. ” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by (which they operated on the body. Some glands make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far- reaching and difficult to track. They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual^ personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) , the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical si2S but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

阅读理解Complete the summary using the list of words, A—K, below. Write the correct letter, A—K, from the box below, on your answer sheet.Suggestopedia uses a less direct method of suggestion than other techniques such as hypnosis. However, Lozanov admits that a certain amount of 【A9】 _____ is necessary in order to convince students, even if this is just a 【A10】 _____. Furthermore, if the method is to succeed, teachers must follow a set procedure. Although Lozanov’ s method has become quite 【A11】 _____, the results of most other teachers using this method have been 【A12】 _____.

阅读理解Below each of the following four passages you

阅读理解Sabine Island, near Greenland, was first discovered by the British geographer Sir Edward Sabine in 1823, but an 1869 map showed it was actually a quarter of a mile farther west than its discoverer had mapped. This interested Alfred Wegener, a young geographer working in Greenland in 1910. He thought the error too great to be explained.Wegener himself took measurements and found that since 1869 the island had moved another five eighths of a mile. After checking the position of other Arctic landmasses, he concluded that all of them were drifting westward at different speeds.From this finding, Wegener developed his floating continent theory. He imagined an original super continent making up the infant earth, finally the mass broke up into several pieces—the present continents. The continents do seem to fit together like pieces of a puzzle, and what’s more, some of the mountain ranges of different continents line up rather well, as if the landmasses were at one time connected. However, believable as Wegener’s argument appeared, many geographers refused to accept it. Exactly how the continents were formed is still a leading mystery in geography, though today many geographers are returning to the continental drift theory.

作文题to produce a clean fair copy. 

作文题Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic: Should “ Golden Week ” be Canceled? You should write at least 400 words. Write you composition on the answer sheet. 

单选题As the debate of women's rights continued, the women's movement began to (gain ground), but soon it received a major setback.

单选题Unless he drops the charge we’ ll have to buy him off.