哥白尼学说虽被后来的科学发展所扬弃，但人们仍然视其为一场“革命”，这是因为它撼动了中世纪神学基础，显示了挑战权威的态度。

A long time ago, Milton S. Hershey, the creator of the popular chocolate bars, was dipped in warm chocolate. I know all about it. My grandfather was there! At nineteen, Hershey established a candy business in Philadelphia. Although it failed, he tried again in several other cities and succeeded with Crystal A Caramels. But Hershey was not content. He began experimenting with chocolate and managed to sell his first chocolate bars in 1900. They were an instant success. In 1903, Hershey built a factory. Hershey was usually pleasant and kind and enjoyed a good joke. However, in his chocolate factory, he held high standards for all the workers. He was both respected and feared. His anger would burst out when things didn't go as he'd expected, and workers were fired, for mistakes. My grandfather began working in the factory as a young man. His job was to push the vats (大桶) of warm chocolate to a storage area. To do this, he had to push the heavy vats up a ramp(斜坡)and across the walkway. One day, Hershey was walking backward on the walkway while my grandfather was pushing a vat of chocolate up the ramp. Bump, Clunk, Ker - plop! Hershey fell backward into the vat. Everyone else held their breath and ran up to pull him out. Grandfather froze in fear. Was he going to lose his job? Hershey stood stiffly with his hands on his hips. Color rose in his face. He said something in a low voice. Then he smiled. "It's not your fault, son, " he said. "I need to watch where I'm going. " He put some chocolate in his mouth. "Mmm, that's good, " he said. Everyone laughed. The tour continued, With Hershey dripping chocolate as he went. And Grandfather kept his job.

简述义务教育阶段教学总目标在“情感态度与价值观”方面的要求。

按评价的功能来分，评价分为诊断性评价、______和终结性评价。

小明爱淘气，经常在课堂上说话，做小动作，有时还不完成作业。一天，小明又在课堂上说话，做鬼脸，被班主任老师发现了。老师非常生气，对小明说：“你的课不要上了，回家把家长找来，什么时候你爸爸来了

儿童希望与小伙伴建立友谊，得到教师与家长的爱，表现了儿童归属与爱的需要。

简述教育目的的功能。

课外辅导是适应学生个别差异、因材施教的重要途径和措施。

教学过程中学生以学习______为主。

曲线在点处的切线方程为______

在三和弦的三个音中，最下面的叫做______。

教育心理学的作用体现在______。

在杜威看来，教学过程的实质在于______。

简述家园合作的形式。

沧海月明珠有泪，_________。 (李商隐《锦瑟》)

在行为的动机体系中起主导作用的动机是______。

联结学习理论认为，学习的实质就是建立联结，联结的公式为______。

“学而时习之”“温故而知新”体现了教学的______。

从抵制不良行为看，惩罚不利于良好的态度与品德的形成。