1

1

Thefollowingdatasufficiencyproblemsconsistofaquestionandtwostatements,labeled(1)and(2),inwhichcertaindataaregiven.Youhavetodecidewhetherthedatagiveninthestatementsaresufficientforansweringthequestion.Usingthedatagiveninthestatementsplusyourknowledgeofmathematicsandeverydayfacts(suchasthenumberofdaysinJulyorthemeaningofcounterclockwise),youmustindicatewhetherA.Statement(1)ALONEissufficient,butstatement(2)aloneisnotsufficient.B.Statement(2)ALONEissufficient,butstatement(1)aloneisnotsufficient.C.BOTHstatementsTOGETHERaresufficient,butNEITHERstatementALONEissufficient.D.EACHstatementALONEissufficient.E.Statements(1)and(2)TOGETHERareNOTsufficient.

Thefollowingdatasufficiencyproblemsconsistofaquestionandtwostatements,labeled(1)and(2),inwhichcertaindataaregiven.Youhavetodecidewhetherthedatagiveninthestatementsaresufficientforansweringthequestion.Usingthedatagiveninthestatementsplusyourknowledgeofmathematicsandeverydayfacts(suchasthenumberofdaysinJulyorthemeaningofcounterclockwise),youmustindicatewhetherA.Statement(1)ALONEissufficient,butstatement(2)aloneisnotsufficient.B.Statement(2)ALONEissufficient,butstatement(1)aloneisnotsufficient.C.BOTHstatementsTOGETHERaresufficient,butNEITHERstatementALONEissufficient.D.EACHstatementALONEissufficient.E.Statements(1)and(2)TOGETHERareNOTsufficient.

1

1

Thefollowingquestionspresentasentence,partofwhichorallofwhichisunderlined.Beneaththesentence,youwillfindfivewaysofphrasingtheunderlinedpart.Thefirstoftheserepeatstheoriginal;theotherfouraredifferent.Ifyouthinktheoriginalisbest,choosethefirstanswer;otherwisechooseoneoftheothers.　　Thesequestionstestcorrectnessandeffectivenessofexpression.Inchoosingyouranswer,followtherequirementsofstandardwrittenEnglish;thatis,payattentiontogrammar,choiceofwords,andsentenceconstruction.Choosetheanswerthatproducesthemosteffectivesentence;thisanswershouldbeclearandexact,withoutawkwardness,ambiguity,redundancyorgrammaticalerror.

1

Thequestionsinthisgrouparebasedonthecontentofapassage.Afterreadingthepassage,choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Answerallquestionsfollowingthepassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.　　Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.However,ifthisweretrue,thenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnottheease,Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies.　　OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixties,capitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.Furthermore,bythelateseventies,theamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapan,ithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity.　　AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively:theymadecriticalchangesinUnitedStatesprocedures.Forinstance,themass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensive,component-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeen,trainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespractices,includingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachines,therebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethebufferstocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Thequestionsinthisgrouparebasedonthecontentofapassage.Afterreadingthepassage,choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Answerallquestionsfollowingthepassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.　　Excessinventory,amassiveproblemformanybusinesses,hasseveralcauses,someofwhichareunavoidable.Overstocksmayaccumulatethroughproductionoverrunsorerrors.Certainstylesandcolorsproveunpopular.Withsomeproducts—computersandsoftware,toys,andbooks—lastyear’smodelsaredifficulttomoveevenathugediscounts.Occasionallythecompetitionintroducesabetterproduct.Butinmanycasesthepublic’sbuyingtastessimplychange,leavingamanufacturerordistributorwiththousands(ormillions)ofitemsthattheficklepublicnolongerwants.　　Onecommonwaytodisposeofthismerchandiseistosellittoaliquidator,whobuysascheaplyaspossibleandthenresellsthemerchandisethroughcatalogs,discountstores,andotheroutlets.However,liquidatorsmaypaylessforthemerchandisethanitcosttomakeit.Anotherwaytodisposeofexcessinventoryistodumpit.Thecorporationtakesastraightcostwrite-offonitstaxesandhaulsthemerchandisetoalandfill.Althoughitishardtobelieve,thereisasortofconvolutedlogictothisapproach.Itisperfectlylegal,requireslittletimeorpreparationonthecompany’spart,andsolvestheproblemquickly.Thedrawbackistheremotepossibilityofgettingcaughtbythenewsmedia.Dumpingperfectlyusefulproductscanturnintoapublicrelationsnightmare.ChildrenlivinginpovertyarefreezingandXYZCompanyhasjustsent500newsnowsuitstothelocaldump.ParentsofyoungchildrenarebarelygettingbyandQPSCompanydumps1,000casesofdisposablediapersbecausetheyhaveslightimperfections.　　Themanagersofthesecompaniesarenotdeliberatelywasteful;theyaresimplyunawareofalltheiralternatives.In1976theInternalRevenueServiceprovidedatangibleincentiveforbusinessestocontributetheirproductstocharity.Thenewtaxlawallowedcorporationstodeductthecostoftheproductdonatedplushalfthedifferencebetweencostandfairmarketsellingprice,withtheprovisothatdeductionscannotexceedtwicecost.Thus,thefederalgovernmentsanctions—indeed,encourages—anabove-costfederaltaxdeductionforcompaniesthatdonateinventorytocharity.

1

1

Forthefollowingquestions,selectthebestoftheanswerchoicesgiven.　　AtaxidriverpurchasedfourtiresoftheToughgripbrandforhiscab.Withinsixmonthsofhispurchasingthesetires,threeofthemsufferedirreparableblowouts.Despitethepoortrackrecordofthesefires,thedriverreplacedallthreeofthedamagedtireswithnewToughgriptires.

1

Thefollowingquestionspresentasentence,partofwhichorallofwhichisunderlined.Beneaththesentence,youwillfindfivewaysofphrasingtheunderlinedpart.Thefirstoftheserepeatstheoriginal;theotherfouraredifferent.Ifyouthinktheoriginalisbest,choosethefirstanswer;otherwisechooseoneoftheothers.　　Thesequestionstestcorrectnessandeffectivenessofexpression.Inchoosingyouranswer,followtherequirementsofstandardwrittenEnglish;thatis,payattentiontogrammar,choiceofwords,andsentenceconstruction.Choosetheanswerthatproducesthemosteffectivesentence;thisanswershouldbeclearandexact,withoutawkwardness,ambiguity,redundancyorgrammaticalerror.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Thefollowingdatasufficiencyproblemsconsistofaquestionandtwostatements,labeled(1)and(2),inwhichcertaindataaregiven.Youhavetodecidewhetherthedatagiveninthestatementsaresufficientforansweringthequestion.Usingthedatagiveninthestatementsplusyourknowledgeofmathematicsandeverydayfacts(suchasthenumberofdaysinJulyorthemeaningofcounterclockwise),youmustindicatewhetherA.Statement(1)ALONEissufficient,butstatement(2)aloneisnotsufficient.B.Statement(2)ALONEissufficient,butstatement(1)aloneisnotsufficient.C.BOTHstatementsTOGETHERaresufficient,butNEITHERstatementALONEissufficient.D.EACHstatementALONEissufficient.E.Statements(1)and(2)TOGETHERareNOTsufficient.

1

1

Thequestionsinthisgrouparebasedonthecontentofapassage.Afterreadingthepassage,choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Answerallquestionsfollowingthepassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.　　Historianssometimesforgetthathistoryiscontinuallybeingmadeandexperiencedbeforeitisstudied,interpreted,andread.Theselatteractivitieshavetheirownhistory,ofcourse,whichmayimpingeinunexpectedwaysonpublicevents.Itisdifficulttopredictwhen“newpasts”willoverturnestablishedhistoricalinterpretationsandchangethecourseofhistory.　　Inthefallof1954,forexample,C.VannWoodwarddeliveredalectureseriesattheUniversityofVirginiawhichchallengedtheprevailingdogmaconcerningthehistory,continuity,anduniformityofracialsegregationintheSouth.HearguedthattheJimCrowlawsofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesnotonlycodifiedtraditionalpracticebutalsowereadeterminedefforttoerasetheconsiderableprogressmadebyBlackpeopleduringandafterReconstructioninthe1870’s.ThisrevisionistviewofJimCrowlegislationgrewinpartfromtheresearchthatWoodwardhaddonefortheNAACPlegalcampaignduringitspreparationforBrownv.BoardofEducation.TheSupremeCourthadissueditsrulinginthisepochaldesegregationcaseafewmonthsbeforeWoodward’slectures.　　Thelecturesweresoonpublishedasabook—TheStrangeCareerofJimCrow.Tenyearslater,inaprefacetothesecondrevisededition,Woodwardconfessedwithironicmodestythatthefirstedition“hadbeguntosufferundersomeofthehandicapsthatmightbeexpectedinahistoryoftheAmericanRevolutionpublishedin1776.”ThatwasabitlikehearingThomasPaineapologizeforthetimingofhispamphletCommonSense,whichhadacomparableimpact.AlthoughCommonSensealsohadamassreadership,Painehadintendedtoreachandinspire:hewasnotahistorian,andthusnotconcernedwithaccuracyorthedangersofhistoricalanachronism.Yet,likePaine,Woodwardhadanunerringsenseoftherevolutionarymoment,andofhowhistoricalevidencecouldunderminethemythologicaltraditionthatwascrushingthedreamsofnewsocialpossibilities.MartinLutherKing,Jr.testifiedtotheprofoundeffectofTheStrangeCareerofJimCrowonthecivilrightsmovementbypraisingthebookandquotingitfrequently.