单选题 We have all heard of counterfeiting before. Usually it refers to people making money— printing it instead of earning it. But counterfeiting also can involve all sorts of consumer goods and manufactured products. From well-known brand names such as Calvin Klein jeans to auto parts, counterfeiters have found ways to produce goods that look authentic. In some instances, counterfeit products look better than the original! The demand of brand-name products has helped counterfeiting grow into a very profitable business throughout the world and into a serious problem for legitimate manufacturers and consumers alike. Faulty counterfeit parts have caused more than two dozen plane crashes. Most counterfeit auto parts do not meet federal safety standards. Counterfeiting hurts manufacturers in many ways. Analysts estimate that, in the United States alone, annual revenue lost runs from $6 billion to $8 billion perhaps even worse, consumers blame the innocent manufacturer when they unknowingly buy a counterfeit product and find it doesn't perform as expected. Sometimes entire economies can suffer. For instance, when farmers in Kenya and Zaire used counterfeit fertilizers, both countries lost most of their crops. In 1984 the U.S. government enacted the Trademark Counterfeiting Act and made counterfeiting of products a criminal offense punishable by fines and stiff jail terms. Unfortunately counterfeiting does not receive top priority from law enforcement officers and prosecutors. Legitimate firms therefore have the burden of finding their own raids and to fight the problem. IBM, with a court order, conducted its own raids and found' keyboards, displays, and boxes with its logo. The fake parts were used to create counterfeits of IBM's personal computer "XT". Some companies have developed secret product codes to identify the genuine article. They must change the codes periodically because counterfeiters learn the codes and duplicate them. Perhaps the most effective way for manufacturers to fight counterfeiting is to monitor the distribution network and make sure counterfeit products are not getting into the network. Some companies even hire investigators to track counterfeit products. By copying other firms' products, counterfeiters avoid research and development costs and most marketing costs. High-tech products such as computers and their software products are especially vulnerable. As long as counterfeiting is profitable, an abundance of products are available to copy, and the laws are difficult to enforce, counterfeiters can be expected to prosper for a long time.

单选题 Question 21-25 Species interdependence in nature confers many benefits on the species involved, but it can also become a point of weakness when one species involved in the relationship is affected by a catastrophe. Thus, flowering plant species dependent on insect pollination, as opposed to self- pollination or wind pollination, could be endangered when the population of insect-pollinators is depleted by the use of pesticides. In the forests of New Brunswick, for example, various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an economically significant pest. Scientists have now investigated the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the anti-budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators. They studied Matacil's effects on insect mortality in a wide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecundity, expressed as the percentage of the total flowers on an individual plant that actually developed fruit and bore seeds. They found that the most pronounced mortality after the spraying of Matacil occurred among the smaller bees and one family of flies, insects that were all important pollinators of numerous species of plants growing beneath the tree canopy of forests. The fecundity of plants in one common indigenous species, the red-osier dogwood, was significantly reduced in the sprayed areas as compared to that of plants in control plots where Matacil was not sprayed. This species is highly dependent on the insect-pollinators most vulnerable to Matacil. The creeping dogwood, a species similar to the red-osier dogwood, but which is pollinated by large bees, such as bumblebees, showed no significant decline in fecundity. Since large bees are not affected by the spraying of Matacil, these results add weight to the argument that spraying where the pollinators are sensitive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity. The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered. Plant species dependent solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are obviously more vulnerable to any decrease in plant fecundity that occurs, whatever its cause. If, on the other hand, vegetative growth and dispersal (by means of shoots or runners) are available as alternative reproductive strategies for a species, then decreases in plant fecundity may be of little consequence. The fecundity effects described here are likely to have the most profound impact on plant species with all four of the following characteristics, a short life span, a narrow geographic range, an incapacity for vegetative propagation, and a dependence on a small number of insect- pollinator species. Perhaps we should give special attention to the conservation of such plant species since they lack key factors in their defenses against the environmental disruption caused by pesticide use.

单选题Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.

单选题It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Newcomb's comments more irresponsible than Comte's for which of the following reasons?

单选题 Nutritional statements that depend on observation or anecdote should be given serious consideration, but consideration should also be given to the physical and psychological quirks of the observer. The significance attached to an experimental conclusion depends, in part, on the scientific credentials of the experimentalist; similarly, the significance of selected observations depends, again in part, on the preconceptions of the observer. Regimes that are proposed by people who do not look as if they enjoyed their food, and who do not themselves have a well-fed air, may not be ideal for normal people. Graham Lusk, who combined expert knowledge with a normal appreciation of good food, describes how he and Chittenden, who advocated a low-protein diet, spent some weeks in Britain eating the rations of the 1914-1918 war and then got more ample rations on board ship. Lusk attributed his sense of well-being to the extra meat he was eating; Chittenden attributed it to the sea air. When young animals are reared for sale as meat, the desirable amount of protein in their food is a simple matter of economics. Protein is expensive, so the amount given is increased up to the level at which the increased rate of growth is offset by the increased cost of the diet. As already mentioned, the efficiency with which protein is used to build the body diminishes as the percentage of protein in the diet increases. In practice, the best diets seem to contain between 15 and 25 per cent protein. It is not certain that maximum growth rate is desirable in children; some experiments with rats suggest that rapid growth is associated with a shorter ultimate expectation of life. There are practical and ethical obstacles to human experiments in which the effect of protein can be measured. Children do not grow as fast as the young animals in which there is a commercial interest. Their need for protein is therefore presumably smaller, but there is no evidence that the desirable protein level, after weaning, is less than 15 per cent. An argument against this percentage of protein is that in human milk only 13 per cent of the solid material is protein. That protein is, however, of better quality than any protein likely to be given to infants that are not weaned on cow's milk. Furthermore, milk, like other products of evolution, is a compromise. Mothers are not expendable. A species would not long survive if mothers depleted their own proteins so much in the course of feeding the first child that the prospects of later children were seriously jeopardized. Human milk is no doubt a good food, but the assumption that it is necessarily ideal is stretching belief in the beneficence and perfection of Nature too far.

单选题Questions 11～14

单选题

单选题Be careful. Don't ______ your drink on the table. A. spill B. spread C. flood D. flow

单选题Questions 6～10 Steven Spielherg has taken Hollywood's depiction of war to a new level. He does it right at the start of Saving Private Ryan, in a 25 minute sequence depicting the landing of American forces on Omaha Beach in 1944. This is not the triumphant version of D-Day we're used to seeing, but an inferno of severed arms, spilling intestines, flying corpses and blood-red tides. To those of us who have never fought in a war, this reenactment—newsreel-like in its verisimilitude, hallucinatory in its impact—leaves you convinced that Spielberg has taken you closer to the chaotic, terrifying sights and sounds of combat than any filmmaker before him. This prelude is so strong, so unnerving, that I feared it would overwhelm the rest of the film When the narrative proper begins, there's an initial feeling of diminishment, it's just a movie, after all, with the usual banal music cues and actors going through their paces. Fortunately, the feeling passes. Saving Private Ryan reasserts its grip on you and, for most of its 2 hour and 40 minute running time, holds you in thrall. Our heroes are a squad of eight soldiers lucky enough to survived Omaha Beach. Now they are sent, under the command of Captain Miller (Tom Hanks), to find and safely return from combat a Private Ryan (Matt Damon), whose three brothers have already died in action. Why should they risk their lives to save one man? The question haunts them, and the movie. The squad is a familiar melting-pot assortment of World War Two grunts—the cynical New Yorker (Edward Burns) who doesn't want to risk his neck; the Jew (Adam Goldberg); the Italian (Vin Diesel); the Bible-quoting sniper from Tennessee (Barry Pepper); the medic (Giovanni Ribisi). The most terrified is an inexperienced corporal (Jeremy Davies) brought along as a translator. Davies seems to express every possible variety of fear on his eloquently scrawny face. Tom Sizemore is also impressive as Miller's loyal second in command. As written by Robert Rodat, they could be any squad in any war movie. But Spielberg and his actors make us care deeply about their fate. Part of the movie's power comes from Hank's quietly mysterious performance as their decent, reticent leader (the men have a pool going speculating about what he did in civilian life). There's an unhistrionic fatalism in Captain Miller; he just wants to get the job done and get home alive, but his eyes tell you he doesn't like the odds. The level of work in Saving Private Ryan—from the acting to Janusz Kaminski's brilliantly bleached-out color cinematography to the extraordinary sound design by Gary Rydstorm—is state of the art. For most of Saving Private Ryan, Spielberg is working at the top of his form, with the movie culminating in a spectacularly staged climactic battle in a French village. The good stuff is so shattering that it overwhelms the lapses, but you can't help noticing a few Hollywood moments. Sometimes Spielberg doesn't seem to trust how powerful the material is, and crosses the line into sentimentality. There's a prelude and a coda, set in a military cemetery, which is written and directed with a too-heavy hand. But the truth is, this movie so wiped me out that I have little taste for quibbling. When you emerges from Spielberg's cauldron, the world doesn't look quite the same.

单选题 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following talk.

单选题How can you find what is going on inside a person"s body—without opening the patient up? Regular X-rays can show a lot. CAT scans can show even more. They can give a three- dimensional view of body organs. What is a CAT scan? CAT stands for Computerized Axial Tomography. It is a special X-ray machine that obtains a 360-degree picture of a small area of a patient"s body. Doctors use X-rays to study and diagnose diseases and injuries within the body. X-rays can locate foreign objects inside the body or take pictures of some internal organs—if special substances such as dyes of special liquids are added to the organs to be X-rayed. A CAT scanner, however, uses a beam of X-rays to give a cross-sectional view of a specific part of the body. A free beam of X-rays is scanned across the body and rotated around the patient from many different angles. A computer analyzes the information from each angle and produces a clear cross-sectional image on a screen. This image is then photographed for later use. Several cross-sections, taken one after another, can give clear "photos" of the entire body or of any body organ. The newest CAT scanners can even give clear images of active, moving organs, just as a fast-action camera can "stop the action", giving clear images of what appears only mistily to the eye. And because of the 360-degree pictures, CAT scans show 3-dimensional views of organs in a manner that was once only revealed during surgery or autopsy (examining a dead patient). Too much exposure to X-rays can cause skin bums, cancer or other damage to the body. Yet CAT scans actually don"t expose the patient to more radiation than conventional X-rays do. CAT scans can also be done without injecting dyes into the patient, so they are less risky than regular X-ray procedures. CAT scans provide accurate, detailed information. They can detect such a thing as bleeding inside the brain. They are helping to save lives.

单选题 {{B}}Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.{{/B}}

单选题 {{B}}Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.{{/B}}

单选题Questions 15-18

单选题The first two paragraphs serve all of the following purposes EXCEPT to ______.

单选题Questions 11-14

单选题 {{B}}Questions 23-26{{/B}}

单选题Which of the following best explain the sentence "Cart and horse belong in a different order." in Paragraph 6?

单选题A.Janetispreparingforherexams.B.Janetisahardworkingstudent.C.Janethasspenttoomuchtimeworkingonherpapers.D.Janetisastudent.

单选题 If the old maxim that the customer is always right still has meaning, then the airlines that fly the world's busiest air route between London and Paris have a flight on their hands. The Eurostar train service linking the UK and French capitals via the Channel Tunnel is winning customers in increasing numbers. In late May, it carried its one millionth passenger, having run only a limited service between London, Paris and Brussels since November 1994, starting with two trains a day in each direction to Paris and Brussels. By 1997, the company believes that it will be carrying ten million passengers a year, and continue to grow from there. From July, Eurostar steps its service to nine trains each way between London and Paris, and five between London and Brussels. Each train carries almost 800 passengers, 210 of them in first class. The airlines estimate that they will initially lose around 15%-20% of their London-Paris traffic to the railways once Eurostar starts a full service later this year (1995), with 15 trains a day each way. A similar service will start to Brussels. The damage will be limited, however, the airlines believe, with passenger numbers returning to previous levels within two to three years. In the short term, the damage caused by the 1 million people-level traveling between London and Paris and Brussels on Eurostar trains means that some air services are already suffering. Some of the major carders say that their passenger numbers are down by less than 5% and point to their rivals-particularly Air France-as having suffered the problems. On the Brussels route, the railway company had less success, and the airlines report anything from around a 5% drop to no visible decline in traffic. The airlines' optimism on returning traffic levels is based on historical precedent. British Midland, for example, points to its experience on Heathrow Leeds Bradford service which saw passenger numbers fold by 15% when British Rail electrified and modernized the railway line between London and Yorkshire. Two years later, travel had risen between the two destinations to the point where the airline was carrying record numbers of passengers.