单选题 The energy crunch, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the reckless despoiling of the earths resources has brought the whole world to brink of disaster. The overdevelopment of motor transport, with its spiral of more cars, more highway, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the disintegration of the family, and the pollution not only of local air, but also of the earth's atmosphere. The catastrophe has arrived in the form of the energy crunch. Our present situation is unlike war, revolution, or depression. It is also unlike the great natural catastrophes of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is crucial. What we need is not a continuation of our present perilous state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems. This country has been reeling under the continuing exposures of loss of moral integrity and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral reinvigoration and for some commitment that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the loyalty of all. In the past it has been only in a war in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to invoke a total commitment. This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course, and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity. To grasp it, we need a widespread understanding of the nature of the crisis confronting us—and the world—a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no by-product of the ambition of the oil producing countries, no figment of environmentalists' fears, no by-product of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed life-style. This new life style can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on an overriding commitment to a higher quality of .life for the world's children and future generation.

单选题What will future historians remember about the impact of science during the last decade of the 20th century? They will not be much concerned with many of the marvels that currently preoccupy us, such as the miraculous increase in the power of home computers and the unexpected growth of the Internet. Nor will they dwell much on global warming, the loss of biodiversity and other examples of our penchant for destruction. Instead, the end of 20th century will be recognized as the time when, for better or worse, science began to bring about a fundamental shift in our perception of ourselves. It will be the third time that science has forced us to re-evaluate who we are. The first time, of course, was the revolution that began with Copernicus in 1543 and continued with Kepler, Galileo and Newton. Despite the Church"s opposition, we came to realize that the Earth does not lie at the centre of the universe. Instead we gradually found we live on a small planet on the edge of a minor galaxy, circling one star in a universe that contains billion of others. Our unique position in the universe was gone for ever. A few centuries later we were moved even further from stage centre. The Darwinian revolution removed us from our position as a unique creation of God. Instead we discovered we were just another part of the animal kingdom proud to have "a miserable ape for a grandfather", as Thomas Huxley put it in 1850. We know now just how close to the apes we are—over 90% of our genes are the same of those of the chimpanzee. Increasing knowledge of our own genetics is one of the driving forces in the third great conceptual shift that will soon take place. Others are the growing knowledge of the way our minds work, our new ability to use knowledge of the nervous system to design drugs that affect specific states of mind and the creation of sophisticated scanners which enable us to see what is happening inside our brains. In the third revolution we are taking our own selves to pieces and finding the parts which make up the machine that is us. Much of the new knowledge from genetics, molecular biology and the neurosciences is esoteric. But its cultural impact is already running ahead of science. People begin to see themselves not as wholes with a moral centre but the result of the combined action of parts for which they have little responsibility. It"s Nobody"s Fault is the title of a popular American book on "difficult" children. Many different children, the book explains, are not actually difficult but are suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). There is nothing wrong with them or the way they have been brought up. Rather, the part of the brain which controls attention is short of a particular neurotransmitter. You might, as many people do, question the way in which the disorder has been diagnosed on such a staggering scale. But that is not the point. The cultural shift is that people are not responsible for their disorders, only for obtaining treatment for the parts of them that have gone wrong. Even when a treatment is not to hand, the notion that we are made of "clusters of functions" remains strong. Genetic analysis supports this view. A gene linked to alcoholism has been located and a Gallup poll has revealed that the great majority of Americans consider alcoholism to be a disease There are claims of genes too for obesity, homosexuality and even for laziness. Some claims about genes may be silly. Or you may think that the current conceptual shift is just a re-run of old arguments about the relative roles of nature and nurture. Instead, take one drug, Viagra, as an example of the new way of thinking about ourselves. If you suffer from impotence, it might have a variety of physiological causes. Or you might just be anxious about sexual performance. But Viagra does not make such fine distinctions: it acts at the level of the chemical reactions that control the blood flow needed to maintain an erection. The more direct means we have of changing who we are, through changing the parts that we are composed of, the harder becomes the question of who was the person who made the decision to change, before becoming someone else. This will be the real issue for the 21st century: who are we, if we are the sum of our parts and science has given us the power to change those parts?

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单选题Questions 16～20 The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent"s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union"s present and future countries. Some experts put the figure at 4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as 15m. Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though their language is related to Hindi, their territorial origins are misty. Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon Other Europeans (wrongly) thought them migrant Egyptians, hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the 7th century. However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The International Romany Union, which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than 30 countries, is fostering the idea of "self-rallying". It is trying to promote a standard and written form of the language; it waves a Gypsy flag (green with a wheel) when it lobbies in such places as the United Nations; and in July it held a congress in Prague, The Czech capital, where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal. At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer, Emil Scuka, was elected president of the International Romany Union. Later this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians, including members of parliament, mayors and local councilors from all over Europe (OSCE), to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics. The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress, few were democratically elected; oddly, none came from Hungary, whose Gypsies are perhaps the world"s best organized, with some 450 Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did, however, announce its ambition to set up a parliament, but "how it would actually be elected was left undecided. So far, the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation. This might, it is feared, open a Pandora"s Box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples. Besides, acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire, just when several countries, particularly Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, are beginning to treat them better, in order to qualify for EU membership. "The EU"s whole premise is to overcome differences, not to highlight them," says a nervous Eurocrat. But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe"s largest continent wide minority, and one with a terrible history of persecution, is catching on. Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries. In Romania, the country that still has the largest number of them (more than 1m), in the 19th century they were actually enslaved. Hitler tried to wipe them out, along with the Jews. "Gypsies deserve some space within European structures," says Jan Marinus Wiersma, a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament. That, they argue, might give them a boost. There are moves afoot to help them to get money for, among other things, a Gypsy university. One big snag is that Europe"s Gypsies are, in fact, extremely heterogeneous. They belong to many different, and often antagonistic, clans and tribes, with no common language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt. Still, says, Dimitrina Petrova, head of the European Roma Rights Center in Budapest, Gypsies" shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation; their potential unity, she says, stems from "being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe. " And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic. In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament. In Macedonia, a Gypsy party already has some—and even runs a municipality. Nicholas Gheorge, an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE, reckons that, spread over Central Europe, there are now about 20 Gypsy MPS and mayors, 400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals. That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation. But, with the Gypsy question on the EU"s agenda in Central Europe, they are making ground.

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问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. After you have heard each paragraph, interpret it into Chinese. Start interpreting at the signal...and stop it at the signal...You may take notes while you are listening. Remember you will hear the passages only once. Now let us begin Part A with the first passage.

问答题中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说和学派。这就是有名的诸子百家。 从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族的传统文化有它的许多珍品，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱、强调群体、强调天下为公，特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情操和吃苦耐劳、勤俭持家、尊师重教的传统美德。所有这些，对家庭、对国家和社会都起到了巨大的维系和调节作用。

问答题In the coming decades, Europe’s influence on affairs beyond its borders will be sharply limited, and it is in other regions, not Europe, that the 21st century will be most clearly forged and defined. Certainly, one reason for NATO’s increasing marginalization stems from the behavior of its European members. With NATO, critical decisions are still made nationally; much of the talk about a common defense policy remains just that — talk. There is little specialization or coordination. Missing as well are many of the logistical and intelligence assets needed to project military force on distant battlefields. With the Cold War and the Soviet threat a distant memory, there is little political willingness, on a country-by-country basis, to provide adequate public funds to the military.

问答题中文是世界上最古老的文字之一。传说中的仓颉造字让中国人有了共同的根。从甲骨文到简体汉字，中文伴随着中华民族绵延至今。中文铸造类中华民族的精神品格。比如说，中文书写各笔每画都要伸缩有度，相互映衬，取长补短，以使整个字浑然一体。这体现了中国人谦让包容、合作共赢的处事风格。 中文富有哲理，很多字由意生字，寓意丰富。中文的“信”字由“人”和“言”组成，意思就是“人要言而有信”。这是中国人的做人原则，也是中国与世界各国的相处之道。中文的优美、简练举世公认。中文是从象形字演变而来，逐步发展成一种可以欣赏的书写艺术。这是世界上是独特的。

问答题Last week"s news that scientists had cloned a sheep sent academics and the public into a panic at the prospect that humans might be next. That"s an understandable reaction. Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it"s not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity. Yet much of the ethical opposition seems also to grow out of an unthinking disgust—a sort of "yuk factor. " And that makes it hard for even trained scientist sand ethicists to see the matter clearly. While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm, either. Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity. That would surely be true if a cloned individual were treated as a lesser being, with fewer rights or lower stature. But why suppose that cloned person wouldn"t share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? A leading lawyer-ethicist has suggested that cloning would violate the "right to genetic identity." Where did he come up with such a right? It makes perfect sense to say that adult persons have a right not to be cloned without their voluntary, informed consent. But if such consent is given, whose "right" to genetic identity would be violated? Many of the science-fiction scenarios prompted by the prospect of human cloning turn out, upon reflection, to be absurdly improbable. There"s the fear, for instance, that parents might clone a child to have "spare parts" in case the original child needs an organ transplant. But parents of identical twins don"t view one child as an organ farm for the other. Why should cloned children"s parents be any different? Another disturbing thought is that cloning will lead to efforts to breed individuals with genetic qualities perceived as exceptional (math geniuses, basketball players). Such ideas are repulsive, not only because of the "yuk factor" but also because of the horrors perpetrated by the Nazis in the name of eugenics. But there"s a vast difference between "selective breeding" as practiced by totalitarian regimes (where the urge to propagate certain types of people leads to efforts to eradicate other types) and the immeasurably more benign forms already practiced in democratic societies (where, say, lawyers freely choose to marry other lawyers ). Banks stocked with the frozen sperm of geniuses already exist. They haven"t created a master race because only a tiny number of women have wanted to impregnate themselves this way. Why think it will be different if human cloning becomes available? So who will likely take advantage of cloning? Perhaps a grieving couple whose child is dying. This might seem psychologically twisted. But a cloned child born to such dubious parents stands no greater or lesser chance of being loved, or rejected, or warped than a child normally conceived. Infertile couples are also likely to seek out cloning. That such couples have other options (in vitro fertilization or adoption) is not an argument for denying them the right to clone. Or consider an example raised by Judge Richard Posner: a couple in which the husband has some tragic genetic defect. Currently, if this couple wants a genetically related child, they have four not altogether pleasant options. They can reproduce naturally and risk passing on the disease to the child. They can go to a sperm bank and take a chance on unknown genes. They can try in vitro fertilization and dispose of any afflicted embryo—though that might be objectionable, too. Or they can get a male relative of the father to donate sperm, if such a relative exists. This is one case where even people unnerved by cloning might see it as not the worst option. Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to humanity, why ban it? In a democratic society we don"t usually pass laws outlawing something before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. A moratorium on further research into human cloning might make sense, in order to consider calmly the grave question it raises. If the moratorium is then lifted, human cloning should remain a research activity for an extended period. And if it is ever attempted, it should — and no doubt will — take place only with careful scrutiny and layers of legal oversight. Most important, human cloning should be governed by the same laws that now protect human rights. A world not safe for cloned humans would be a world not safe for the rest of us.

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问答题Traditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose or treat physical and mental illnesses. Traditional medicine that has been adopted by other populations (outside its indigenous culture) is often termed alternative or complementary medicine. Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants as active ingredients. In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care. In many developed countries, 70% to 80% of the population has used some form of alternative or complementary medicine, such as acupuncture.

问答题Topic: Can cyberlove (romance on the Internet) become a sort of real life experience? Questions for Reference : 1. Tell a cyberlove story you have ever heard of or read about anywhere. 2. "Cyberlove can be a real love in the IT age." Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. 3. Suppose that you got involved in cyberlove, what might be your attitude? 4. What effects will cyberlove exert on our society? Cite examples to illustrate your points.

问答题In Russia, where the shape of many people has long resembled the favorite national food —the potato-dieting is now the rage. Slimming concoctions, from Slimfast to Herbalife, have taken the country by storm. Diet classes that teach the basics of healthful eating are jam-packed with the obese. American diet books can be found at subway book stalls. Diet sodas line the windows of nearly every sidewalk kiosk. Spurred by a recent flood of Western television, advertising and snazzy fashion, women here have come to embrace the old saying that a woman cannot be too rich or too thin. The dieting craze comes at a time when many Russians are officially impoverished and growing numbers of children suffer from vitamin and other deficiencies. "In the past, a woman was supposed to be a good worker and a good housekeeper," said Galina Istomina, who teaches at the Center for Psychological Correction-Harmony diet program, "Now people have to care how they look. Western influence has had an effect. " Of course Russian women were never as overweight, as their dreary and doughy "babushka" image suggested. In fact, on average, they are probably thinner than their American counterparts, whose greater access to healthier food and lifestyles is mitigated by junk food and sedentary ways. But for a long time, spending too much time on one"s looks was definitely bad form, as Raisa Gorbachev, wife of the former Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, discovered when her stylish ness provoked barbs. Now it is considered a capitalist necessity, especially for the growing number of women in the new world of business. "Before, I worked in a government ministry, and it was not important how you dressed or how you looked," said Ludmilla Topchi, 31, who recently attended Harmony"s weeklong diet class in an effort to lose 10 to 15 pounds (about 5 to 7 kilograms) , "Now I have my own firm, and I"m meeting every day with people in similar social status. So I want to look better. " Said Miss Istomina, "People in Russia are overweight not because they eat too much but because there is such little choice of healthy food. Just macaroni, fried potatoes and salami." Indeed, it is not easy to diet here. The local cuisine is heavy with fat: fatty salami is the main protein at all meals; heavy sour cream is slathered onto, and into, everything; mayonnaise is a basic ingredient of many salads; fried potatoes are a staple; fresh fruits and vegetables are pricey and, in many regions, virtually impossible to find out of season. And the season tends to be very brief. Still, a combination of career necessity, greater awareness about health and growing worries about environmental hazards in food has spurred many women to eat better if they can afford to. "Women today, even those who have been so shocked by the changes of the last few years, have begun to understand that the main thing is health, feeling good," said Zoya Krylova, editor in chief of the women"s magazine Rabotnitsa. But there is more to it than that, she said. "Women realize they have to be in good shape, they have to be a high quality commodity," the editor said, "The money-commodity relationship, after all, is well known now. " Tatyana, one of dozens of women now selling Herbalife in Moscow, said that many of her "clients" were women who had taken jobs with new private companies headed by Westernized men in their mid-30s. "These men want to be surrounded by "young things"," she said, "So to get a job in a good firm, you better look good." She also said that many women had now traveled abroad or had Western contacts and wanted Western lifestyles. A few years ago that was impossible in Russia because Western clothes and cosmetics were unavailable in state-run stores, which is what all Soviet stores were. Today, with the old structures gone, the situation has changed dramatically. On nearly every street of downtown Moscow, a store or kiosk sells flashy imported clothes. As one overweight Russian woman, who several months ago began dieting for the first time in her life and has now lost 30 pounds, put it, "For the first time it is possible to buy nice clothes here, but they don"t come in large sizes. If you want to buy them, you have to be thin, " Zoya Krylova, whose office bookshelf includes a copy of "The New Our Bodies Ourselves", said she thought that it was only a matter of time before Russia became as diet and health-obsessed as the United States. "It enters our lives gradually, through movies especially," she said. "When we see people who are fit and healthy it has an impact. "

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问答题Well before his death, Peter Drucker had already become a legend. Over his 95 prolific years, he had been a true Renaissance man, and teacher of religion, philosophy and political science. But his most important contribution, clearly, is in business. What John Keynes is to economics, Druckers is to management. In the 1980s Peter Druckers began to have grave doubts about business and even capitalism itself. He no longer saw the corporation as the ideal space to create community. In fact, he saw nearly the opposite: a place where self-interest had triumphed over the egalitarian principles he long championed. In both his writings and speeches, Druckers emerged as one of Corporate America"s most important critics. When conglomerates were the rage, he preached against reckless mergers and acquisitions. When executives were engaged in empire-building, he argued against excess staff and the inefficiencies of numerous "assistants to". In a 1984 essay he persuasively argued that CEO pay had rocketed out of control and implored boards to hold CEO compensation to no more than 20 times what the rank and file made. He maintained that multi-million-dollar severance packages had perverted management"s ability to look out anything but itself. What particularly enraged him was the tendency of corporate managers to reap massive earnings while firing thousands of their workers. "This is morally and socially unforgivable," wrote Druckers, "and we will pay a heavy price for it."

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问答题No one can say exactly what it looks like when a planet looks ill, but it probably looks a lot like Earth. Never mind what you've heard about global warming as a slow-motion emergency that would take decades to play out. Suddenly and unexpectedly, the crisis is upon us. It certainly looked that way last week as the atmospheric bomb that was Cyclone Larry—a Category 5 storm with wind bursts that reached 180 m.p.h.—exploded through northeastern Australia. It certainly looked that way last year as curtains of fire and dust turned the skies of Indonesia orange, thanks to drought-fueled blazes sweeping the island nation. It certainly looks that way as the sodden wreckage of New Orleans continues to molder, while the waters of the Atlantic gather themselves for a new hurricane season just two months away. Disasters have always been with us and surely always will be. But when they hit this hard and come this fast— when the emergency becomes commonplace—something has gone grievously wrong. That something is global warming.

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问答题Brains or beauty? Women are still in dilemma. A poll released Tuesday found 25 percent of those questioned would rather win the "America's Next Top Model" TV show than the Nobel Peace Prize. And although 75 percent of women interviewed said they'd be willing to shave their heads to save the life of a stranger, more than a quarter of those taking part admitted they would make their best friend fat for life, if it meant they could be thin. The poll was made for U. S. television network Oxygen targeted at young women. And more than 2,000 women aged 18-34 were surveyed for the poll. It also found that 88 percent of 18- to 34-year-old women would happily give up their cell phone, jewelry and makeup to keep a friendship. This survey proves an interesting dissection of today's woman and how she relates her personal image with what she values in her life. As shown in several results, women today are a complex combination of altruistic and materialistic, vain and insecure, loyal and self-serving. This survey highlights the dichotomy in all of us.