问答题The three sacred words "duty", "honor" and "country" reverently dictate what you should be, what you can be, and what you will be. They urge you to build courage when courage seems to fail, to regain faith when there seems to be little cause for faith, to create hope when hope becomes abandoned. I am convinced that these words teach you to be proud and unbending in honest failure, but humble and gentle in success; not to substitute words for action; not to seek the path of comfort, but to face the stress of difficulty and challenge; to learn to stand up in the storm, but to have compassion on those who fall; to have a heart that is clean, a goal that is high; to learn to laugh, yet never forget how to weep; to reach into the future, yet never neglect the past; to be serious, yet never take yourself too seriously; to be modest so that you will remember the simplicity of true greatness, the open mind of true wisdom, the meekness of true strength. In short, these words teach you to be both a militant fighter and a gentleman.

问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 sentences in English. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. You will hear the passages only once. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. You may take notes while you are listening.

问答题北京奥运会火炬创意灵感来自“渊源共生，和谐共融”的“祥云”图案。祥云的文化概念在中国具有数千年的时间跨度，是具有代表性的中国文化符号。火炬造型的设计灵感来自中国传统的纸卷轴。纸是中国四大发明之一，通过丝绸之路传到西方。人类文明随着纸的出现得以更好地传播。源于汉代的漆红色在火炬上的运用使之明显区别于往届奥运会火炬设计，红银对比的色彩产生醒目的视觉效果，有利于各种形式的媒体传播。火炬上下比例均匀分割，祥云图案和立体浮雕式的工艺设计使整个火炬高雅华丽、内涵厚重。

问答题 "You don't have to wait for government to move … the really fantastic thing about Fairtrade is that you can go shopping!" So said a representative of the Fairtrade movement in a British newspaper this year. Similarly Marion Nestle, a nutritionist at New York University, argues that "when you choose organics, you are voting for a planet with fewer pesticides, richer soil and cleaner water supplies." The idea that shopping is the new politics is certainly seductive. Never mind the ballot box. vote with your supermarket trolley instead. Elections occur relatively rarely, but you probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about the environment, you might buy organic food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalization by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time. Sadly, it's not that easy. There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of "ethical" food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food. People who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the planet requires duller disciplines, like politics. Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides and fertilizers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it all depends what you mean by "environmentally friendly". Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it up around 11,000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. But following the "green revolution" of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertilizer has tripled grain yields with very little increase in the area of land under cultivation. Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fertilizer, are far less intensive. So producing the world's current agricultural output organically would require several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn't be much room left for the rainforest. Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor farmers' incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction. By propping up the price, the Fairtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices—thus achieving, for most farmers, exactly the opposite of what the initiative is intended to do. And since only a small fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actually goes to the farmer—most goes to the retailer—the system gives rich consumers an inflated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy. Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimize "food miles" and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear? Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain's food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (i.e., miles traveled by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most people live closer to a supermarket than a farmer's market, so more local food could mean more food-vehicle miles. Moving food around in big, carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most efficient way to transport the stuff. What's more, once the energy used in production as well as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. Producing lamb in New Zealand and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because farming in New Zealand is less energy-intensive. And the local-food movement~ s aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich country consumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the local-food movement looks suspiciously like old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the environment, helping poor countries is presumably not the point. The best thing about the spread of the ethical-food movement is that it offers grounds for hope. It sends a signal that there is an enormous appetite for change and widespread frustration that governments are not doing enough to preserve the environment, reform world trade or encourage development. Which suggests that, if politicians put these options on the political menu, people might support them. The idea of changing the world by voting with your trolley may be beguiling. But if consumers really want to make a difference, it is at the ballot box that they need to vote.

问答题What was the conclusion of the meeting of power company executives on Nov. 21?

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问答题Give a brief introduction to the history of "massive global money movements" and their impacts on the global economy.

问答题进入耶鲁大学的校园，看到莘莘学子青春洋溢的脸庞，呼吸着书香浓郁的空气，我不由回想起40年前在北京清华大学度过的美好时光。当年老师们对我的教诲，同学们给我的启发，我至今仍受用不尽。 耶鲁大学以悠久的发展历史、独特的办学风格、卓著的学术成就闻名于世。如果时光能够倒流几十年，我真希望成为你们中的一员。耶鲁大学校训强调追求光明和真理，这符合人类进步的法则，也符合每个有志青年的心愿。

问答题Questions 1～3 High unemployment is spreading in New York City beyond the poorest neighborhoods to once-secure middle-class enclaves, where some residents are falling behind on rent and mortgage payments. Among the hardest-hit spots are the northern Bronx and southeastern Queens. Both areas have seen unemployment double since the third quarter of 2007, according to the Fiscal Policy Institute, a nonpartisan think tank. "The recovery in the labor market is a long way off and it will be a long time coming to middle-income neighborhoods," said James Parrott, the institute"s deputy director and chief economist. New York City has shed 144,000 jobs since August 2008, leaving it with an unemployment rate of 10% as of November. The Bronx, with its big public-housing complexes, lower education levels and large unskilled population, long has had the highest unemployment rate in the city. In the third quarter, the Bronx"s jobless rate was 13%, the institute said. But in the northernmost stretch, populated by middle-and working-class families, bordering Westchester County suburbs, unemployment was 12.2% in the third quarter, more than double the rate of two years earlier, the institute found. Residents, city officials and economists said there have been more foreclosure cases this year in that northern part of the Bronx, as well as an increase in small-business closings, illegal renting of bedrooms and basements, and court petitions by landlords seeking back rent. Restaurant employee Gregory Ramsden, a 46-year-old renter in the Norwood neighborhood of the north Bronx, has been looking for full-time work since June 2008. He has been teaching classes in English as a second language, but hasn"t had enough money to pay the rent on his apartment since July. His landlord has begun eviction proceedings. "I"d take anything. I"d take a job cleaning toilets," said Mr. Ramsden, who, as a full-time waiter, used to make $ 50,000 a year, the area"s median income. "I believe I"m running out of options." On the southeastern strip of Queens, where generations of families have entered the middle class by buying starter homes, unemployment has doubled in the past two years to 12.2%. In 2008, there were more than 1,800 foreclosure cases filed in the area, and 1,589 filed as of the third quarter of this year, according to the Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy at New York University. Residents said vacant homes in the area—known largely as Jamaica—have attracted illegal dumping, more rodents and break-ins. "You"ve got squatters going in," said Yvonne Reddick, district manager of a community board for the area. The Center for an Urban Future, a nonpartisan think tank, has found that food, housing and utility costs for New Yorkers rose significantly between 2002 and 2007 while wages in boroughs other than Manhattan stagnated. "The path into the middle class has gotten a lot harder for New Yorkers," said Jonathan Bowles, director of the think tank.

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问答题The Ballooning Pension Crisis in Western Europe Millions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health & Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state. The statement informed them that their pensions were being cut. The reductions come as a stop-gap measure to control Germany"s ballooning pension crisis. Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel, a 67-year-old retired bank teller, who was told that her state pension would be cut by $12.30 a month. "It was a real shock," she says. "My pension had always gone up in the past." There"s more bad news on the way. On March 11, Germany"s lower house of Parliament passed a bill gradually cutting state pensions—which have been rising steadily since World War Ⅱ— from 53% of average wages now to 46% by 2020. And Germany is not alone. Governments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits. In Italy, the government plans to raise the minimum retirement age from 57 to 60, while France will require that civil servants put in 40 years rather than 37.5 to qualify for a full pension. The reforms are coming despite tough opposition from unions, leftist politicians, and pensioners" groups. The explanation is simple: Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. By 2030 there will only be two workers per pensioner, compared with four in 2000. With fewer young workers paying into the system, cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall. The gap between money coming in and payments going out could top $10 billion this year in Germany alone. "In the future, a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired," says German Health ＆ Social Security Minister. Says the Finance Minister of Italy: "The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves." Of course, those population trends have been forecast for years. Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions. But many Continental governments dragged their feet. Now, the rapid run-up in costs is forcing them to act. State-funded pension payments make up around 12% of gross domestic product in Germany and France and 15% in Italy—two percentage points more than 20 years ago. Pensions account for an average 21% of government spending across the European Union. The rising cost is having a serious impact on major European nations" economy. Their governments have no choice but to make pension reform a priority. Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector. Corporate contributions to state pension systems—which make up 19.5% of total gross pay in Germany—add to Europe"s already bloated labor costs. That, in turn, blunts manufacturers" competitiveness and keeps unemployment rateshigh. To cope, Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pension schemes. But even if private pensions become more popular, European governments will have to increase minimum retirement ages and reduce public pensions. While today"s seniors complain about reduced benefits, the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents" pension checks with envy.

问答题Initially，they were demanding a discount of 20 percent on orders of over 10,000 units, but we finally managed to beat them down to 12.

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问答题The biggest problem of the third industrial revolution is as easy to explain as it is difficult to solve. Technology is creating a global economy that is rapidly supplanting our old national economies. National governments cannot control this new economy, yet no one, least of all Americans, wants to create the form of global government that might be able to control it. As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system. The difficulties of containing the 1997 Asian economic meltdown are just the first of many such difficulties we can expect. National governments, which used to worry about managing and maintaining their economic systems, are slowly being pushed out of business. Changes in global finance overwhelm all but the largest governments. Governments have lost much of their influence over the movement of information and capital. They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally. Conversely, the power of global businesses is growing with companies' ability to move to the most advantageous locations and play countries off against one another in bidding for attractive investment projects.

问答题中华文明历来注重亲仁善邻，讲求和睦相处。中华民族历来爱好和平。中国人在对外关系中始终秉承“强不执弱”、“富不侮贫”的精神，主张“协和万邦”。中国人提倡“海纳百川，有容乃大”，主张吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义。 　　今天，中国通过维护世界和平来发展自己，又通过自身的发展来促进世界和平。中国坚持实施互利共赢的对外开放战略，真诚愿意同各国广泛开展合作，真诚愿意兼收并蓄、博采各种文明之长，以合作谋和平、以合作促发展，推动建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。

问答题[此试题无题干]

问答题The World Economic Forum in Davos "You"re off to the World Economic Forum?" asked the Oxford economist, enviously. "How very impressive. They"ve never invited me." Three days later, I queued in the snow outside the conference center in Davos, standing behind mink coats and cashmere overcoats, watched over by Swiss policemen with machineguns. "Reporting press? You can"t come in here. Side entrance, please." I stood in line again, this time behind Puffa jackets and Newsweek journalist, waiting to collect my orange badge. Once inside, I found that the seminar I wanted to go to was being held in a half-empty room. "You can"t sit here. All seats are reserved for white badges. Coloured badges have to stand." An acquaintance invited me to a dinner he was hosting. "There are people I"d like you to meet." The green-badged Forum employee stopped me at the door. "This is a participants" dinner. Orange badges are not allowed." Then, later, reluctantly: "If you"re coming in, please can you turn your badge around? Diners may be upset if they see you"re a colour." "Why does anyone put up with being treated like this?" I asked a Financial Times correspondent. "Because we all live in hope of becoming white badges," he said, "Then we"ll know what"s really going on." A leading British businessman was wearing a white badge, but it bore a small logo on the top left. hand corner: GLT. "What is a GLT?" I asked. "Ah," he said, "well, it"s a Davos club. I"m a Global Leader of Tomorrow." "That sounds very important," I said. "Yes," he said, "I thought so myself, until I bumped into the man who"d sponsored me, on the way to my first meeting. I asked him if he was coming, and he said, "Oh no, dear boy, I don"t bother with that any longer. I"m not a GLT any more; I"m an IGWEL." "What"s an IGWEL?" I asked him. "A member of the Informal Group of World Economic Leaders of Today," he said." The World Economic Forum has employed a simple psychological truth—that nothing is more desirable than that which excludes us—to brilliant effect. Year after year, its participants apply to return, in the hope that this time they"ll be a little closer to the real elite. Next year, they, too, might be invited to the private receptions for Bill Clinton, Kofi Anna or Bill Gates, instead of having to stand on the conference center"s steps like teenage rock fans. It"s the sheer concentration of individuals in possession of power, wealth or knowledge that makes the privately run Forum so desirable to its participants. The thousand chief executives who attend its annual meeting control, between them, more than 70 percent of international trade. Every year, they are joined by a couple of dozen presidents and prime ministers, by senior journalists, a changing selection of leading thinkers, academics and diplomats, and by rising stars of the business world. Access to the meeting is by invitation only, costs several thousand pounds a time for business participants, and is ruthlessly controlled.

问答题Introduce briefly the recent development of LEDs.

问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 sentences in English. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.