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问答题The way things are looking, the royal family will need to start bulk buying birthday cards. When King George V sent the first telegrams to those celebrating their 100th birthday in 1917, he only had to fire off 24. Last year, his granddaughter Queen Elizabeth sent 6,405 cards to centenarians in the UK. Her grandson will be signing a lot more, based on forecasts suggesting that today"s 10-year olds have a 50% chance of living to at least 103. This rising longevity has come under the election campaign spotlight. The focus on the costs of an ageing society continued in a recent warning from the World Economic Forum (WEF) that the retirement age in Britain and other developed countries must rise to 70 by 2050 to head off a pension crisis. The WEF is right that there are huge cost implications from demographic fact that a longer life is harder to fund for the individual and state cannot remain a taboo subject. But what is missing from the debate is how a longer life is also a source of opportunities. Our society remains largely ageist: too quick to write people off and too narrow-minded about life after 60. Gerontologist Sarah Harper highlighted this last week when she called for a change to the way we talk about age. People should not be called old until they were seriously frail, dependent and approaching death. Anything else should be called "active adulthood". This raises the key point that people no longer cease work in their 60s expecting to enjoy only a short retirement before they die. Instead, those who get the state pension will on average spend almost a third of their adult life in retirement. But despite this seismic shift, we are still structuring life in three stages—childhood, work, retirement. What"s more, the ages at which each stage begins have barely budged in decades. It is this damaging fixation with a three-stage life that Lynda Gratton and Andrew Scott explore in their book The 100-year Life. Their research in psychology and economics feeds into a work that is a mixture of self-help for those who want to make more of being younger for longer and a manifesto for how firms and policymakers can adapt to rising longevity. "What is striking is the contrast between the magnitude of change that society will embark upon as people live longer, and the relatively limited response from corporations and governments," they write. "Saying that corporates and governments are "behind the curve" doesn"t even come close." The authors concede that living longer will mean most people will have to work longer. But that is not necessarily as bad as it sounds. We simply need to think more creatively about how work can change and how we can change over a longer multi stage life. That could mean working at a different pace at different stages, changing path more often or taking sabbaticals. On top of the longevity factor, our working lives will also be shaped by rapid technological changes. Such developments as robots and online banking are already forcing people to adapt how they work and in some cases to retrain. For some workers, robots are already stealing their jobs. But here again, a longer life offers opportunities to adapt to those pressures. Given that across a 100-year lifespan there are 873,000 hours available and if, a specialist expertise takes 10,000 hours to acquire, mastery in more than one field is neither daunting nor impossible. It"s an alluring image: a world where people can take time out to retrain, their skills are valued and nurtured by their employers. So how do we get there? Employers and policymakers can start by doing more to help the current cohort of over-50s to stay in work if they want to. There are almost a million 50-to 64-year olds who are not in employment but willing to work. Today employers are not making use of a whole pot of untapped talent and experience. This urgently needs to change. It is said by 2020, one in three UK workers will be over 50 and employers will have to retain retrain and recruit those older people. One solution is to redefine older workers" roles so they become mentors to younger recruits. Employers must move away from the current model where they centre so much of their training on new, young recruits. The onus is also On the government to offer more and better education throughout people"s lives. That must include financial education to help people cope with the increased choices a longer life will impose. And this education must be readily available to all. Similarly, healthcare and welfare will need to evolve so that everyone can benefit from rising longevity. Otherwise as The 100-year Life authors point out life risks being nasty, brutish and long for those unable to afford the kind of self-reinventions and sabbaticals that a longer life would ideally entail. It"s a life that is hard to imagine as long as we remain stuck in our learn-work-retire model. But instead of just squabbling over care costs, pensions and retirement ages, isn"t it time we ditched that old way of living and saw rising longevity for what it is? More time to do more things.

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问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in Chinese. After you have heard each sentence or paragraph, interpret it into English. Start interpreting at the signal...and stop it at the signal... You may take notes while you are listening. Remember you will hear the passages only once. Now, let us begin Part B with the first passage.

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问答题The American Attitude Toward Manual Labor The term "American dream" is widely used today. But what exactly does this concept mean? Where does the term come from? Has the meaning of the term changed over time? Questions like these can complicate a seemingly simple term and lead us to an even more important question: is the American dream a myth or a reality today? The term "American dream" first appeared in a ramous novel written by Horatio Alger in 1867. The novel, Ragged Dick, was a "rags to riches" story about a little orphan boy who lived in New York. The boy saved all his pennies, worked very hard, and eventually became rich. The novel sent the message to the American public that anyone could succeed in America if they were honest, worked hard, and showed determination to succeed. No matter what your background, no matter where you were from, no matter if you had no money or no family, hard work and perseverance would always lead to success. Today, the message from Alger"s novel is still a prevalent one in this country. It is still used to define the American dream. A very basic definition of the American dream is that it is the hope of the American people to have a better quality of life and a higher standard of living than their parents. This can mean that each generation hopes for better jobs, or more financial security, or ownership of land or a home. However, new versions and variations of the American dream have surfaced since Alger"s novel was published. For one thing, the idea that Americans are always seeking to improve their lifestyle also suggests that each generation wants more than the previous generation had. Some people would argue that this ever-increasing desire to improve the quality of one"s life may have started out on a smaller scale, in the past, but today has led to an out-of-control consumerism and materialism. Another, more benign view of the American dream is that it is about the desire to create opportunities for ourselves, usually through hard work. A hallmark of the American dream, some would argue, is the classic "self-starter," the person who starts out with very little in life—little money, few friends, few opportunities—and works hard to make his or her way in the world. A classic example of this type of American dreamer would be former president Abraham Lincoln, who was born in a log cabin, was largely self-educated, and yet worked his way up in the world to eventually become a United States president. This view of the American dream has also been associated with immigrants and their quests for a better life in a new country. Americans have long been fascinated by immigrant stories, and many feel great pride about their own families who may have come from other countries, worked very hard, and created a better life for future generations. A more recent interpretation of the American dream has to do with equality. Civil rights activists such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., used some of the rhetoric associated with the American dream to urge people to work for equal opportunities for all Americans, not just some Americans. A harsh reality was becoming clear to some people, especially in the 1960s and 1970s: not everyone had the same opportunities. If people were denied jobs, education, or other opportunities because of their race, ethnic background, or gender, was the American dream only a myth?

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问答题中华文明历来注重以民为本，尊重人的尊严和价值。早在千百年前，中国人就提出“民惟邦本，本固邦宁”、“天地之间，莫贵于人”，强调要利民、裕民、养民、惠民。今天，我们坚持以人为本，就是要坚持发展为了人民，发展依靠人民，发展成果由人民共享，关注人的价值、权益和自由，关注人的生活质量、发展潜能和幸福指数，最终是为了实现人的全面发展。保障人民的生存权和发展权仍是中国的首要任务。我们将大力推动经济社会发展，依法保障人民享有自由、民主和人权，实现社会公平和正义，使13亿中国人民过上幸福生活。

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问答题 Questions 7～10 You're probably familiar with the necessity of networking in advancing your career. But how well you network often depends on how well you schmooze. Successful schmoozing isn't glad- handing or insincere sucking up—although expressing sincere admiration can be an important schmooze tactic. Instead, it's the grease that starts the wheels of networking. Sehmoozing is nothing more than making casual, easygoing conversation with strangers. Networking is the art of the follow-up. When you have the schmoozing down, your networking can be effective. But starting a casual conversation with a strange—especially when that stranger has the power to boost your career—can be nerve-wracking for even the most outgoing people. Experts have some recommendations for making business schmoozing natural, enjoyable, and effortless (or at least appear that way): 1. Investigate. Find out who in your profession or related profession could be good to know, and learn more about them. A good start is to find out if they have an online presence, such as social and professional networking sites. If you know they're going to be attending a professional event, find a way to attend. And if yon learn that person shares an interest with you, say, a love of a sports team or hobby, that's great knowledge you can use to start a conversation. 2. Go beyond the usual suspects. Plenty of professionals want to meet the CEO, CIO, or C-whoever-can-help. But often those people are deluged with requests, are harder to approach, and may be too high up to advance your career. Experts recommend schmoozing administrative assistants. They're the gatekeepers in most businesses and may have valuable information on the inner workings of the organization. But you always want to project professionalism and good etiquette when schmoozing administrative assistants. 3. Sehmooze well before you need something. If you want the other person to set you up with a job or a new business after a two-minute conversation, set your sights lower. You don't want to look desperate. Schmoozing should be a warm-up, establishing contact and making the person feel comfortable with you long before you ask for something. The time between initial schmooze and asking for what you really want could be up to six months. 4. Prepare a short self-introduction. Forget the 15-second "elevator speech" you've heard about. In less than nine seconds you should give the benefit of what you do, but not the title. If you say something like "I make sure people have a roof over their heads," it will arouse curiosity and encourage them to ask a question. It's also a good idea to link your self-introduction to the event. 5. Focus on the other person. Studies show that when you ask people questions about themselves, they come away from the conversation with a more favorable impression of you. Then again, don't play 20 questions. If they aren't interested in engaging at all, have a polite exit strategy and move on. And remember, if you are uncomfortable talking with strangers, your new contact may be just as uncomfortable. 6. Stoke the ego, but don't suck up. It's a fine line between expressing admiration and being obsequious. If you want to give a compliment, whether it's on someone's shoes or their recently published article, try to be genuine and don't gush. If you're not sure how to use flattery well, practice with a friend who can give you feedback. Good schmoozing opens the possibility of future contact. If a conversation goes well, ask for a business card. If the other person doesn't want to be contacted, don't take it personally. If they provide their information, send a quick, conversational email two days later to remind them about your conversation. Then you can ask politely for a small favor. You can say, "I've been interested in learning more about X, and I would love to hear from you if you have some ideas." A request like that is not big enough to put them on the defensive.

问答题Joe Harberg became an energy-efficiency guru because he didn't know the first thing about energy efficiency. In 2003 he was constructing a new home in Dallas and wanted to work with his builder to make the place as environmentally friendly as possible. But neither Harberg nor his designer had any training in how to turn an ordinary house green, and they found few resources to help them. "It was so frustrating," says Harberg, 46, a Dallas-based entrepreneur. Relying principally on the Internet, Harberg—who previously had worked as a marketing expert and real estate developer—did manage to build an energy-efficient home. He boasts that his electricity bills are regularly 50% less than those of similar homes in his neighborhood, and the entrepreneur in him saw an opportunity. Lots of people worry about global warming, not to mention the soaring costs of powering a home, but they don't know what to do about it. Working with his brother-in-law Josh Stern, Harberg helped launch what would become Current Energy, in 2005, to provide the needed expertise. "We aspire to be the ones who put it all together for you," Harberg says. Today Current Energy operates what is probably the first dedicated energy-efficiency retail store in the U. S., a hip space in Callas' tony Highland Park where shoppers can buy ultraefficient air conditioners, tankless water heaters and even electric votive candles. But while the store itself is green cool—reminiscent of the Apple retail shops that Harberg helped roll out in his previous career—the real value in Current Energy isn't in its gadgets but in the service it offers. "It's an art to figure out how to save money at home," Harberg says. "We do the work. " Homeowners who come to Current Energy can order an energy audit—a socket-to-faucet analysis of how to eliminate energy and water waste. After receiving the report, customers can follow as many of the recommendations as they wish, with Current Energy employees involved in the installation work—down to changing the lightbulbs. Joseph Van Blargan, a writer, secured an assessment for his Dallas home and estimates that the upgrades save him about 30% on his monthly energy bill. "I could have done it on my own, but there would have been bits and parts I would have missed," he says. Joe's Green Shopping List At its retail location and online, Current Energy sells a wide range of energy-efficiency gadgets: 1) Digital PowerCost Monitor provides real-time data on your energy consumption, $185 2) Magic Globe, a solar-powered light, $ 50 3) Solio Solar Charger is a way to power all those electronic devices with the sun, $ 99 4) Solar Backpack lets you carry your laptop—and charge it for free, $140 5) Kill A watt Electricity Meter monitors the power use and cost of any appliance, $40 Greenies who live outside Dallas will soon be able to get an energy assessment from currentenergy, com, and the company will work with licensed auditors in your town to carry out the improvements. What Current Energy does isn't as easy as it looks. Maximizing the efficiency in your home means more than jut chucking your incandescent lightbulbs. You might improve your attic insulation to prevent the loss of heat in the winter, but go overboard, and you could end up choking on indoor air pollution. Just as a house is more than four walls and a door, energy efficiency should be holistic, with insulation, appliances, lighting and clean electricity all working together. That's a message the tireless Harberg—who could probably power Texas Stadium if you plugged him into the grid—spreads with zeal. He hosts a weekly radio call-in show and was recently on the TV show Good Morning Texas touting the benefits of an indoor air-quality monitor. "You're saving people money and saving the earth at the same time," he says excitedly. As business plans go, that's an awfully good one.

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问答题"There are always opportunities to meet and work with interesting people in an international context and young people, like myself, are given lots of responsibility early in their careers," says Caroline Mort, currently in the marketing department of Hyatt"s Africa, Middle East and European division in Lausanne. Mort, also a graduate from Center International de Glion, Switzerland continues, "Every day there is something new. Well trained individuals in the hospitality trade have many career opportunities. " Mott"s thoughts are echoed in the brochures of universities and colleges around the world which offer programs in hotel management. IMHI: Institute de Management hotelier International in France, whose graduate programs are administered by two prestigious institutions—Cornell University and Group ESSEC—concurs, "The hospitality industry continues to internationalize its market and its development. " "By the year 2000, business forecasts predict that the hospitality industry will be the largest business in the world. This tremendous growth will offer the properly trained management candidate an unlimited opportunity for success," writes the Hotel Consult SHCC Colleges, which has schools in Switzerland, the United States and Australia. Hotel management provides a practical, interdisciplinary education. Students who have been well educated in hotel management, whatever the area of concentration, can market their skills universally. Dr. Roy Wood, department head of the Scottish Hotel School at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland—one of the United Kingdom"s premier hotel management programs—emphasizes that, "graduates from hospitality programs are very attractive to other industries. " Most hotel management curriculums offer a range of major area courses, including food and beverage management, culinary theory and practice, hotel development and planning, restaurant management and hotel operations. As with most business schools, the majority of the course-work will be fulfilled in required courses for management, accounting, marketing and economics. Additionally, students may take elective courses in chemistry, environmental science, information technology, psychology, sociology, writing and languages. Courses vary by length, credentials earned, focus and language of instruction. Many European undergraduate programs last from 24 to 30 months and award a diploma upon graduation. IHTTI in Neuchatel, Switzerland offers a three-year degree program in conjunction with the University of Bournemouth. University courses take three or four years to complete, usually earning the student a Bsc. Graduate schools require a one-to-two-year commitment. Hotel management programs are widely available in Europe and North America, yet virtually non-existent elsewhere. For this reason, these programs attract a culturally diverse student body. In some cases, 95% of the students are foreign born. At HOSTA, in Switzerland, the students are expatriates from 40 nations. While English and French are the most common languages on campus, as well as within the hospitality industry, students are encouraged to learn several languages to enhance their careers. "Each (educational host) country has its strengths," explains Roy Wood, "For example, Switzerland is recognized for producing graduates who are strong in food, beverage and accommodation management and the United States is known for its expertise in operations. " Switzerland has long been regarded as the traditional seat of the hospitality industry. No list of preeminent hotel schools would omit the Ecole Hoteliere de Lausanne which began as a school for children whose families were in the hotel business. It would also include: Center International; the Swiss Hotel Association Hotel Management School, " Les Roches "; the SCHHs Institute Hotelier "Cesar" Ritz; the HIM (Hotel Institute Montreux) and the HOSTA (Hotel and Tourism School). The United States has many excellent schools. Cornell University"s School of Hotel Administration has the best overall reputation. At Johnson and Wales University, the largest school, students can work at university-owned hotels, restaurants and travel agencies as part of their course-work. In a national ranking of hotel, restaurant and institutional management schools in the United States, the top five universities are: Cornell (which ranks No. 1), University of Nevada at Las Vegas, University of Denver, University of Massachusetts at Amherst and the University of Houston. For those seeking an exciting career in a rapidly growing field, hotel management can provide an outlet for people whose talents are multifaceted. But keep in mind that any successful career requires hard work. Rodney Portman of Portman Educational Consultants, Ltd. in London, warns, "(Hotel management) may appear as a glamorous career, but it requires dedication and flexibility. Working hours are long and erratic. "

问答题坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，关系到人民群众的切身利益和中华民族的生存发展。必须把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会放在工业化、现代化发展战略的突出位置。必须开发和推广节约、替代、循环利用和治理污染的先进适用技术，发展清洁能源和可再生能源，保护土地和水资源，建设科学合理的能源资源利用体系，提高能源资源利用效率。发展环保产业，加大节能环保投人，重点加强水、大气、土壤等污染防治，改善城乡人居环境。加强水利、林业、草原建设，加强荒漠化石漠化治理，促进生态修复。加强应对气候变化能力建设，为保护全球气候做出新贡献。