问答题 When it comes to going green, intention can be
easier than action. Case in point, you decide to buy a T-shirt made from 100%
organic cotton, because everyone knows that organic is better for Earth. And in
some ways it is; in conventional cotton-farming, pesticides strip the soil of
life. But that green label doesn't tell the whole story—like the fact that even
organic cotton requires more than 2,640 gal. (10,000 L) of water to grow enough
fiber for one T-shirt. Or the possibility that the T-shirt may have been dyed
using harsh industrial chemicals, which can pollute local groundwater. If you
knew all that, would you still consider the T-shirt green? Would you still buy
it? It's a question that most of us are ill equipped to answer,
even as the debate over what is and isn't green becomes all-important in a hot
and crowded world. That's because as the global economy has grown, our ability
to make complex products with complex supply chains has outpaced our ability to
comprehend the consequences—for ourselves and the planet. We evolved to respond
to threats that were clear and present. That's why, when we eat spoiled food, we
get nauseated and when we see a bright light, we shut our eyes. But nothing in
evolution has prepared us to understand the cumulative impact that imperceptible
amounts of industrial chemicals may have on our children's health or the
slow-moving, long-term danger of climate change. Scanning the supermarket
aisles, we lack the data to understand the full impact of what we choose—and
probably couldn't make sense of the information even if we had it.
But what if we could seamlessly calculate the full lifetime effect of our
actions on the earth and on our bodies? Not just carbon footprints but social
and biological footprints as well? What if we could think ecologically? That's
what psychologist Daniel Goleman describes in his forthcoming book, Ecological
Intelligence. Using a young science called industrial ecology, businesses and
green activists alike are beginning to compile the environmental and biological
impact of our every decision—and delivering that information to consumers in a
user-friendly way. That's thinking ecologically—understanding the global
environmental consequences of our local choices. "We can know that causes of
what we're doing, and we can know the impact of what we're doing," says Goleman,
who wrote the 1995 best seller Emotional Intelligence."It's going to
have a radical impact on the way we do business." Over the past
couple of decades, industrial ecologists have been using a method called
life-cycle assessment (LCA) to break down that web of connection. The concept of
the carbon footprint comes from LCA, but a deep analysis looks at far more. The
manufacture and sale of a simple glass bottle requires input from dozens of
suppliers; for high-tech items, it can include many times more.
The good news is that industrial ecologists can now crunch those data, and smart
companies like Coca-Cola are using the information to clean up their corporate
ecology. Working with the World Wildlife Fund, Coke analyzed its globe-spanning
supply chain—the company uses 5% of the world's total sugar crop—to see where it
could minimize its impact; today Coke is on target to improve its water
efficiency 20% by 2012. Below the megacorporate level,
start-ups like the website Good Guide are sifting through rivers of data for
ordinary consumers, providing easy-to-understand ratings you can use to
instantly gauge the full environmental and health impact of that T-shirt. Even
better, they'll get the information to you when you need it: Good Guide has an
iPhone app that can deliver verdicts on tens of thousands of products. Good
Guide and services like it "let us align our dollars with our values easily",
says Goleman. But ecological intelligence is ultimately about
more than what we buy. It's also about our ability to accept that we live in an
infinitely connected world with finite resources. Goleman highlights the Tibetan
community of Sher, where for millenniums, villagers have survived harsh
conditions by carefully conserving every resource available to them. The
Tibetans think ecologically because they have no other choice. Neither do we.
"We once had the luxury to ignore our impacts," says Goleman. "Not
anymore."
问答题In 2014, America"s education system marked an important milestone. For the first time, children of color became a majority among K-12 public school students nationwide. Today schools are crossing a second, more troubling, barrier. The latest figures show that 51% of public school students attend schools in which a majority of their classmates qualify as poor or low-income under federal guidelines. This deepening concentration of economic need complicates the intertwined challenges of equipping America"s increasingly diverse young people with the education they need to reach the middle class and developing the skilled workers the U.S. needs to maintain its competitiveness. Without progress in addressing the hardening isolation of low-income families, school reform alone is unlikely to produce the educational results America needs.
Two converging trends are driving this confluence of negative factors. One is the overall trajectory of poverty. When Bill Clinton left office, the poverty rate for children under 18 stood just over 16%. That rose to 19% under George W. Bush and peaked at 22% under President Obama in 2010. The poverty rate is now 21%. However, it is about 33% for both African Americans and Latinos. The second trend is the growing isolation of poor people. In an important paper this fall, Century Foundation scholar Richard Kahlenberg noted that both rich and poor families are more separated from families in other income brackets today than in 1970. Figures compiled by the Annie E. Casey Foundation"s Kids Count project show that over the last decade, the share of kids living in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty (defined as places where at least 30% of the residents are poor) has increased in most major cities—for example, from 25% to 34% in Los Angeles and 29% to 36% in Chicago.
These intersecting trends have swelled the portion of kids in schools that also experience concentrated economic need. In 1999, 28% of public school Students attended schools where most of their classmates qualified as poor or low-income—their families earned about $45,000 or less for a family of four. That number has rocketed to almost 51%, roughly 25 million kids. For students of color, the figures are even higher. Nationwide, about three-fourths of African American and Latino students attend majority-low-income schools. By contrast, only about one-third of whites attend such economically strained schools.
In the Chicago school system, where 85% of students are black or Latino, the concentration of economic need is overwhelming. In 77 of the city"s roughly 680 public schools, at least 99% of the students qualify as poor or low-income. The share tops 90% in another 388 schools. In only 50 schools do less than half of students qualify as low-income. "You"re a fourth-grade teacher and coming into that door is 30 students from poverty, broken homes, crime and you are supposed to just, on your own, turn that around," Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel told me at a forum I moderated here this week. "That"s impossible."
Innovative and tenacious educators can make progress despite these trends. Chicago has developed a creative program of early intervention that has dramatically increased high school graduation rates from about 55% in 2009 to 70% now, with both African American and Latino students demonstrating significant gains. Since 2003, the share of the city"s fourth-graders who score as "proficient" on National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) tests has tripled in math and more than doubled in reading (though in each case to only around 30%). Gregory Jones, principal of Chicago"s Kenwood Academy High School, a school where two-thirds of students are low-income, says that slightly more than half of their graduates now finish with some college credit.
Likewise, across all large cities, African American, Latino and low-income students have posted gains in reading and math since 2003. But the larger trend is the durability of income and racial disparities. The latest NAEP results for large cities found that only about one-fifth of students who qualified as low-income reached the (highest) proficient level in fourth-grade reading or math, compared to just over half of more affluent classmates in reading and nearly three-fifths in math.
It"s fair to demand that schools rethink and reform to ensure that the interests of children take precedence over the priorities of the adults who run the system. But it"s unrealistic to ask schools to equalize opportunity alone, without more aggressive efforts to revitalize poor neighborhoods and to help more families relocate to more stable communities. Despite heroic exceptions, any national strategy that hopes to improve schools without improving neighborhoods simply won"t add up.
问答题
问答题People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their purchasing habits to a marketing firm? If they walk around in public view, what harm can cameras recording their movements cause? A company is paying them to do a job, so why should it not read their e-mails when they are at work?
How, what and why, indeed. Yet, in all these situations, most people feel a sense of unease. The technology for gathering, storing, manipulating and sharing information has become part of the scenery, but there is little guidance on how to resolve the conflicts created by all the personal data now washing around.
A group of computer scientists at Stanford University, led by John Mitchell, has started to address the problem in a novel way. Instead of relying on rigid (and easily programmable) codes of what is and is not acceptable, Dr. Mitchell and his colleagues Adam Barth and Anupam Datta have turned to a philosophical theory called contextual integrity. This theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy. They will happily share information with others as long as certain social norms are met. Only when these norms are contravened—for example, when your psychiatrist tells the personnel department all about your consultation—has your privacy been invaded. The team thinks contextual integrity can be used to express the conventions and laws surrounding privacy in the formal vernacular of a computer language.
Contextual integrity, which was developed by Helen Nissenbaum of New York University, relies on four classes of variable. These are the context of a flow of information, the capacities in which the individuals sending and receiving the information are acting, the types of information involved, and what she calls the "principle of transmission".
It is the fourth of these variables that describes the basis on which information flows. Someone might, for example, receive information under the terms of a commercial exchange, or because he deserves it, or because someone chose to share it with him, or because it came to him as a legal right, or because he promised to keep it secret. These are all examples of transmission principles.
Dr. Nissenbaum has been working with Mr. Barth to turn these wordy descriptions of the variables of contextual integrity into formal expressions that can be incorporated into computer programs. The tool Mr. Barth is employing to effect this transition is linear temporal logic, a system of mathematical logic that can express detailed constraints on the past and the future.
Linear temporal logic is an established discipline. It is, for example, used to test safety-critical systems, such as aeroplane flight controls. The main difference between computer programs based on linear temporal logic and those using other sorts of programming language is that the former describe how the world ought to be, whereas the latter list specific instructions for the computer to carry out in order to achieve a particular end. The former say something like: "If you need milk, you ought eventually to arrive at the shop." The latter might say: "Check the refrigerator. If there is no milk, get in your car. Start driving. Turn left at the corner. Park. Walk into the shop."
Dr. Mitchell and his team have already written logical formulae that they believe express a number of American privacy laws, including those covering health care, financial institutions and children"s activities online. The principles of transmission can be expressed in logical terms by using concepts such as "previously" and "eventually" as a type of mathematical operator. (They are thus acting as the equivalents of the "plus", "minus", "multiply" and "divide" signs in that more familiar system of logic known as arithmetic. ) For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley act states that "a financial institution may not disclose personal information, unless such financial institution provides or has provided to the consumer a notice." This is expressed as.
IF send (financial-institution, third-party, personal-information)
THEN PREVIOUSLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification)
OR EVENTUALLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification)
According to Dr. Nissenbaum, applying contextual integrity to questions of privacy not only results in better handling of those questions, but also helps to pinpoint why new methods of gathering information provoke indignation. In a world where the ability to handle data is rapidly outpacing agreement about how that ability should be used, this alone is surely reason to study it.
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王冕学画
王冕自此只在秦家放牛，每到黄昏，回家跟着母亲歇息。或遇秦家煮些腌鱼、腊肉给他吃，他便拿块荷叶包了来家，递与母亲。每日点心钱，他也不买了吃，聚到一两个月，便偷个空，走到村学堂里，见那闯学堂的书客，就买几本旧书，日逐把牛拴了，坐在柳树荫下看。
弹指又过了三四年，王冕看书，心下也着实明白了。那日，正是黄梅时节，天气烦躁，王冕放牛倦了，在绿草地上坐着。须臾，浓云密布，一阵大雨过了。那黑云边上镶着白云，渐渐散去，透出一派日光来，照耀得满湖通红。湖边山上，青一块，紫一块，绿一块。树枝上都像水洗过一番的，尤其绿得可爱。湖里有十来枝荷花，苞子上清水滴滴，荷叶上水珠滚来滚去。
王冕看了一会，心里想道：“古人说‘人在画图中’，其实不错。可惜我这里没有一个画工，把这荷花画他几枝，也觉有趣。”又心里想道：“天下哪有个学不会的事，我何不画他几枝?”
王冕见天色晚了，牵了牛回去。自此，聚的钱不买书了，托人向城里买些胭脂、铅粉之类，学画荷花。初时画得不好，画到三个月之后，那荷花精神颜色无一不像，只多着一张纸，就像是湖里长的，又像才从湖里摘下来贴在纸上的。乡间人见画得好，也有拿钱来买的。王冕得了钱，买些好东西，孝敬母亲。
一传两，两传三，诸暨一县都晓得是一个画没骨花卉的名笔，争着来买。到了十七八岁，不在秦家了，每日画几笔画，读古人的诗文，渐渐不愁衣食，母亲心里欢喜。
这王冕天性聪明，年纪不满二十岁，就把那天文、地理、经史上的大学问，无一不通。但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交纳朋友，终日闭户读书。
问答题Questions 7～10
Beijing had its coldest morning in almost 40 years and its biggest snowfall since 1951. Britain is suffering through its longest cold snap since 1981. And freezing weather is gripping the Deep South, including Florida"s orange groves and beaches. Whatever happened to global warming?
Such weather doesn"t seem to fit with warnings from scientists that the Earth is warming because of greenhouse gases. But experts say the cold snap doesn"t disprove global warming at all— it"s just a blip in the long-term heating trend.
"It"s part of natural variability," said Gerald Meehl, a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. "With global warming", he said, "we"ll still have record cold temperatures. We"ll just have fewer of them. "
Deke Arndt of the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N. C. , noted that 2009 will rank among the 10 warmest years for Earth since 1880.
Scientists say man-made climate change does have the potential to cause more frequent and more severe weather extremes, such as heat waves, storms, floods, droughts and even cold spells. But experts did not connect the current frigid blast to climate change.
So what is going on?
"We ba ically have seen just a big outbreak of Arctic air" over populated areas of the Northern Hemisphere, Arndt said. "The Arctic air has really turned itself loose on us. "
In the atmosphere, large rivers of air travel roughly west to east around the globe between the Arctic and the tropics. This air flow acts like a fence to keep Arctic air confined.
But recently, this air flow has become bent into a pronounced zigzag pattern, meandering north and south. If you live in a place where it brings air up from the south, you get warm weather. In fact, record highs were reported this week in Washington state and Alaska.
But in the eastern United States, like some other unlucky parts of the globe, Arctic air is swooping down from the north. And that"s how you get a temperature of 3 degrees in Beijing, a reading of minus-42 in mainland Norway, and 18 inches of snow in parts of Britain, where a member of Parliament who said the snow "clearly indicates a cooling trend" was jeered by colleagues.
The zigzag pattern arises naturally from time to time, but it is not clear why it"s so strong right now, said Michelle L"Heureux, a meteorologist at the Climate Prediction Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The center says the pattern should begin to weaken in a week or two.
问答题Passage 1:
We have made significant strides in implementing the policies needed to take advantage of the new opportunities of development. We become more and more aware that these opportunities are indeed embedded in this serious economic crises. We are very confident that our skilled work force provides a strong foundation for future growth. And we are convinced that this work force allowed this country to become fa major center for advanced technology products in the world.
In recent years, we further opened up our economy and China is now our number one trading partner. And our prudent financial policies and low level of public debt have positioned us well to address the challenges of the current crisis. All in all, we can look to the future with self-confidence that an economic U-turn is not only achievable, but also immediate. Of course, we will require perseverance in implementing our industrial restructuring and financial reform agenda.
问答题 Directions: Read the following passages
and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage.
Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer
in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
Questions 1～3 The greatest
impact of LED-based lighting could be in developing countries, where it can be
powered by batteries or solar panels. While trekking in Nepal
in 1997, Dave Irvine-Halliday was struck by the plight of rural villagers having
to rely on smelly, dim and dangerous kerosene lanterns to light their homes.
Hoping to make a difference, Dr Irvine-Halliday, a professor of electrical
engineering at the University of Calgary in Canada, founded the Light Up The
World Foundation. The non-profit organization has since helped to distribute
low-power, white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), at low cost or free, to thousands
of people around the globe. About 1.6 billion people worldwide
are without access to electricity and have to rely on fuel-based sources for
lighting. But burning fuel is not only extremely expensive—$ 40 billion is spent
on off-the-grid lighting in developing countries a year—it is also highly
inefficient and contributes to indoor air pollution and the emission of
greenhouse gases. If people switched from using fuel-based lamps to
solar-powered LEDs, carbon-dioxide emissions could be reduced by up to 190m
tonnes per year, reckons Evan Mills, a staff scientist at America's Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory. That is equivalent to one-third of Britain's
annual carbon-dioxide emissions. LEDs are an ideal off-the-grid
light source because they need so little power. They can be run on AA batteries,
or batteries recharged using small solar arrays. Compared with kerosene
lanterns, LEDs can deliver up to 100 times more useful light to a task, besides
being extremely long-lasting. All this adds up to a life-changing impact for the
lamps' owners, ranging from increased work productivity, more time to study at
night and reduced health problems and fire hazards. Several
firms are getting ready to tap into this underserved market. Cosmos Ignite
Innovations, a spin-out from Stanford University that is now based in New Delhi,
India, has developed the MightyLight, a solar-powered LED-based lamp that is
waterproof, portable and runs for up to 12 hours. So far, Cosmos has sold nearly
5,000 of its $ 50 lamps to various charities. Another company,
Better Energy Systems of Berkeley, California, is testing LED add-ons that might
work well with its Solio, a portable solar array that can also be used to charge
mobile phones and other devices. The International Finance
Corporation (IFC), the private-sector investment arm of the World Bank, recently
secured $ 5.4m in financing for "Lighting the Bottom of the Pyramid", a
four-year initiative that will engage lighting manufacturers with pilot projects
in Kenya and Ghana. One task is to make LEDs affordable, says
Dr Mills, who is a consultant on the IFC project. Households in rural Kenya, for
example, spend an average of $ 7 a month on kerosene for lighting. Although the
cost of a solar-powered LED lamp over its lifetime is much less than the
cumulative cost of fuel, many people cannot afford the initial $ 25 to $ 50
outlay for such a lamp. If that hitch could be ironed out—via microfinance,
perhaps—the payoff could be bright.
问答题
问答题中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯人为贵”，社会的发展和进步，取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。今天中国所焕发出来的巨大活力，是中国人民拥有广泛自由、民主的生动写照。
中国确保十三亿多人的生存权和发展权，是对世界人权事业的重大贡献。集体人权与个人人权、经济文化权利与公民政治权利紧密结合和协调发展，这适合中国国情，是中国人权事业发展的必然道路。
问答题上海合作组织的成功经验，归结到一点，就是坚定不移地倡导和实践互信、互利、平等、协商、尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展的“上海精神”。“上海精神”已植根于各成员国的对外政策、价值观念和行为准则之中，越来越具有普遍的国际意义。
纵观当今世界，和平、发展、合作已成为时代潮流，但各种传统和非传统安全威胁因素相互交织。树立互信、互利、平等，协作的新安全观，维护各国的独立、主权和民族尊严，尊重世界多样性，成为各国人民越来越强烈的要求和呼声。
问答题What challenges are the online retailers now faced with?
问答题
Some decades ago, the powers declared that employee diversity
was a good thing, as desirable as double-digit profit margins. It's proving just
as difficult to achieve. Companies try all sorts of things to attract and
promote minorities and women. They hire organizational psychologists. They staff
booths at diversity fairs. They host dim-sum brunches and salsa nights. The most
popular—and expensive—approach is diversity training, or workshops to teach
executives to embrace the benefits of a diverse staff. Too bad it doesn't
work. A groundbreaking new study by three sociologists shows
that diversity training has little to no effect on the racial and gender mix of
a company's top ranks. Frank Dobbin of Harvard, Alexandra Kalev of the
University of California, Berkeley, and Erin Kelly of the University of
Minnesota sifted through decades of federal employment statistics provided by
companies. Their analysis found no real change in the number of women and
minority managers after companies began diversity training. That's right—none.
Networking didn't do much, either. Mentorships did. Among the least common
tactics, one—assigning a diversity point person or task force—has the best
record of success. "Companies have spent millions of dollars a year on these
programs without actually knowing, Are these efforts worth it?" Dobbin says. "In
the case of diversity training, the answer is no." The law is
one reason that employers favor diversity training. In the wake of whopping
settlements in race-discrimination suits against large companies, including
Texaco and Coca- Cola, over the past decade, employers believe that having a
program in place can show a judge that they are sincerely fighting prejudice.
But this too is a myth, says Dobbin. "I don't know of a single case where courts
gave credit for diversity training.” Social psychologists have
many theories to explain why diversity training doesn't work as intended.
Studies show that any training generates a backlash and that mandatory diversity
training in particular may even activate a bias. Researchers also see evidence
of "irresistible stereotypes", or biases so deeply ingrained that they simply
can't be taught away in a one-day workshop. Consultants on
diversity insist that the training they give has value. R. Roosevelt Thomas,
founder of the American Institute for Managing Diversity, says corporate America
must first redefine the word. "Diversity means differences and similarities," he
says, be they in race, gender or corporate culture. He teaches executives
to focus on skills and not familiarity. "In a foxhole, I want someone who can
shoot," he says. "I don't care where they're from. Some folks have to be
reminded of that." So what does work? The study's findings in
this area were striking too.. at companies that assigned a person or committee
to oversee diversity, ensuring direct accountability for results, the number of
minorities and women climbed 10% in the years following the appointment.
Mentorships worked too, particularly for black women, increasing their
numbers in management 23.5 %. Most effective is the combination of all these
strategies, says Dobbin. In practice, companies find that a
multipronged approach leads to results. General Electric initiated an aggressive
diversity strategy under former CEO Jack Welch that included employee networks,
regular planning forums, formal mentoring, and recruiting at colleges popular
with minorities. Perhaps most significantly, GE appointed a chief diversity
officer, Deborah Elam. In 2000, women, minorities and non-U.S. citizens made up
22% of GE's officers and 29% of senior executives. By 2005, their ranks swelled
to 34% among officers and 40% of senior execs. "Training just to train is not
enough," says Elam. "You've got to have accountability at the top."
Accountability for the careers of women and minorities requires a substantial
commitment of time, staff and money—but so does diversity training. And only one
works.
问答题为了实现发展目标，中国根据本国国情和时代要求明确了自己的发展理念，这就是树立和贯彻以人为本、全面协调可持续发展的科学发展观，统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放，更加注重解决民生问题，更加注重克服发展的不平衡性，更加注重解决发展中存在的突出矛盾，致力于走科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化道路，推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设协调发展，努力实现生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展格局。
问答题我们应该牢记国际金融危机的深刻教训，正本清源，对症下药，本着简单易行、便于问责的原则推进国际金融监管改革，建立有利于实体经济发展的国际金融体系。要强调国际监管核心原则和标准的一致性，同时要充分考虑不同国家金融市场的差异性，提高金融监管的针对性和有效性。
我们要牢牢把握强劲、可持续、平衡增长三者的有机统一。我们应该积极推动强劲增长，注重保持可持续增长，努力实现平衡增长。实现世界经济强劲、可持续、平衡增长是一个长期复杂的过程，不可能一蹴而就，既要持之以恒、坚定推进，也要照顾到不同国家国情，尊重各国发展道路和发展模式的多样性。
问答题The price of crude oil hit an all-time high early in April. The surge in oil price harms virtually all consumers and industries.
Nevertheless, according to Wharton finance professor Jeremy Siege, record high prices are not as bad as they look. "The major reason for that is we have become much more energy efficient."
Topic: The rising price of oil
Questions for Reference:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the rising price of oil on the economic development?
2. Why does the price of oil fluctuate? What can we do to reduce the negative effects to the least?
3. What does Prof. Siege mean when he says we are more energy efficient?
问答题Directions:
In this part of the test, you will hear 5 sentences in English. You will hear the sentences only once. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.
问答题It is said that how a society treats its most vulnerable is a measure of its humanity. When we apply this measure to the availability of books to those with visual impairments and those with learning or physical disabilities, we are confronted with what can only be described as a "hook famine." According to the World Blind Union, approximately one in every 200 people on Earth—39 million of us—cannot see. Another 246 million have severely reduced vision. These "visually impaired persons" or "persons with a print disability" can access an estimated 10% of all written information and literary works that sighted people can read.
Poorly designed or inaccessible books also limit reading and comprehension of those who have learning disabilities. According to the International Dyslexia Association, 35% of the school population requires special accommodations and support. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities marks a paradigm shift in recognizing the right of disabled people to access books, knowledge and cultural life on an equal basis as others.
With the framework of the convention, UNESCO is working to promote a better understanding of issues related to disability and to mobilize support for the recognition of the dignity, rights and wellbeing of persons with disabilities and of the benefits of their integration in society. This is the spirit guiding Conakry, Guinea, which has been designated World Book Capital 2017, in recognition of its programme to promote reading among youth and underprivileged sections of the population.