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问答题If you go to Europe, you'll find that many city centers have been turned into pedestrian precincts and the cars been almost banned.
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问答题Questions 4～6 You may have read news reports saying that America's Main Streeters want revenge on Wall Street for the financial meltdown and recession and mortgage foreclosures and lost life savings. That hardly makes fields like finance and insurance hazardous to be in, though. You're much, much likelier to get killed in other lines of work. Recently released Department of Labor data show that fishermen (and fisherwomen) and other workers in fishing-related professions were the most likely to die on the job in 2008. Of 39,000 fishing workers in the nation, 50 were killed, a rate of 128.9 per 100,000 full-time workers. Rough seas, unpredictable deadly weather and isolation during emergencies all make the job more unsafe than any other. It' s no wonder that the industry' s perils have given rise to a popular documentary TV series, Deadliest Catch, and a best-selling book and hit Hollywood film, The Perfect Storm. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' National Census of Fatal Occupation Injuries counted 5,071 fatal work injuries in 2008. That was 7.6% fewer than in 2007, and 13% less than in 2006, which marked a five-year high for workplace fatalities. That's the good news in the numbers. Logging workers and aircraft pilots have the second and third deadliest jobs. Eighty-two loggers died last year from work injuries, some of them caused by falling trees and malfunctioning cutting equipment. Ninety aircraft pilots died in crashes and other accidents. Transportation incidents are the most common cause of fatalities, overall. This year, 40.5% of the worker deaths, 2,053 of them, were transportation-related. More than half were highway incidents, which have been the most common killer every year since the Labor Department started tracking workplace fatalities in 1992. Equipment-and objects-related injuries came in a distant second, accounting for 923 fatalities, or 18.2%. While putting in 57% of the total hours worked by Americans, men made up 92.7% of the workplace fatalities. The relatively few women killed were more likely to die from on-the-job homicide, though. 26% of the female workplace deaths were murders, compared with only 9% of the male deaths. "For several occupations with high fatality rates, including truck drivers and farmers, and several industries with high fatality rates, like construction and mining, men constitute a much larger part of the total employment," Stephen Pegula, an economist with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, explains. "In addition, women are often employed in occupations and industries, like trade and leisure/hospitality, where homicides are more prevalent. " The construction industry suffered the largest number of deaths. Its fatality rate per 100,000 full-time workers was only 9.6, less than a 10th of that of people in fishing, but that added up to 969 deaths in 2008, no less than 19.1% of all U. S. workplace fatalities. What about those Wall Streeters? People in finance and insurance actually had the lowest fatality rate of any occupation—0.3 deaths per 100,000 full-time workers, or just 24 people across the nation. Top 5 America's Deadliest Jobs 1. Fishers and Related Fishing Workers The Job: Capture aquatic animals in large quantities. The Dangers: Extreme weather, large equipment, drowning The Fatality Rate *: 128.9 Total Fatalities in 2008: 50 * per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers 2. Logging Workers The Job: Cut down and trim trees for sale and transport. The Dangers: Falling trees, cutting equipment, difficult terrain The Fatality Rate *: 115.7 Total Fatalities in 2008: 82 * per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers 3. Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers The Job: Operate planes and helicopters. The Dangers: Testing equipment, emergency response, crashes The Fatality Rate*: 72.4 Total Fatalities in 2008: 90 * per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers 4. Structural Iron and Steel Workers The Job: Mold, set and handle metal construction materials. The Dangers: Heights, heavy materials, welding The Fatality Rate *: 46.4 Total Fatalities in 2008: 36 * per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers 5. Farmers and Ranchers The Job: Grow and cultivate livestock and crops. The Dangers: Heavy machinery. The Fatality Rate * : 39.5 Total Fatalities in 2008: 317 * per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers1.Describe briefly the top 3 deadliest jobs in America in 2008.
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问答题 It's a safe bet that the millions of Americans who
have recently changed their minds about global warming—deciding it isn't
happening, or isn't due to human activities such as burning coal and oil, or
isn't a serious threat—didn't just spend an intense few days poring over
climate-change studies and decide, holy cow, the discrimination of continuous
equations in general circulation models is completely wrong! Instead, the
backlash (an 18-point rise since 2006 in the percentage who say the risk of
climate change is exaggerated, Gallup found this month) has been stoked by
scientists' abysmal communication skills, plus some peculiarly American
attitudes, both brought into play now by how critics have spun the "Climategate"
e-mails to make it seem as if scientists have pulled a fast one.
Scientists are lousy communicators. They appeal to people's heads, not
their hearts or guts, argues Randy Olson, who left a professorship in marine
biology to make science films. "Scientists think of themselves as guardians of
truth," he says. "Once they have spewed it out, they feel the burden is on the
audience to understand it" and agree. That may work if the
topic is something with no emotional content, such as how black holes form, but
since climate change and how to address it make people feel threatened, that
arrogance is a disaster. Yet just as smarter-than-thou condescension happens
time after time in debates between evolutionary biologists and proponents of
intelligent design (the latter almost always win), now it's happening with
climate change. In his 2009 book, Don't Be Such a Scientist:
Talking Substance in an Age of Style, Olson recounts a 2007 debate
where a scientist contending that global warming is a crisis said his opponents
failed to argue in a way "that the people here will understand". His
sophisticated, educated Manhattan audience groaned and, thoroughly insulted,
voted that the "not a crisis" side won. Like evolutionary
biologists before them, climate scientists also have failed to master
"truthiness" (thank you, Stephen Colbert), which their opponents—climate deniers
and creationists—wield like a shiv. They say the Intergovernmental Panel on
climate Change is a political, not a scientific, organization; a climate mafia
(like evolutionary biologists) keeps contrarian papers out of the top journals;
Washington got two feet of snow, and you say the world is warming?
There is less backlash against climate science in Europe and Japan, and
the U.S. is 33rd out of 34 developed countries in the percentage of adults who
agree that species, including humans, evolved. That suggests there is something
peculiarly American about the rejection of science. Charles Harper, a devout
Christian who for years ran the program bridging science and faith at the
Templeton Foundation and who has had more than his share of arguments with
people who view science as the Devil's spawn, has some hypotheses about why that
is. "In America, people do not bow to authority the way they do in England," he
says. "When the lumpenproletariat are told they have to think in a certain way,
there is a backlash," as with climate science now and, never-endingly, with
evolution. (Harper, who studied planetary atmospheres before leaving science,
calls climate scientists "a smug community of true believers". )
Another factor is that the ideas of the Reformation—no intermediaries
between people and God; anyone can read the Bible and know the truth as well as
a theologian—inform the American character more strongly than they do that of
many other nations. "It's the idea that everyone has equal access to the
divine," says Harper. That has been extended to the belief that anyone with an
Internet connection can know as much about climate or evolution as an expert.
Finally, Americans carry in their bones the country's history of being populated
by emigrants fed up with hierarchy. It is the American way to distrust those who
set themselves up—even justifiably—as authorities. Presto: climate
backlash. One new factor is also at work: the growing belief in
the wisdom of crowds (Wikis, polling the audience on Who Wants to Be a
Millionaire). If tweeting for advice on the best route somewhere yields the
right answer. Americans seem to have decided, it doesn't take any special
expertise to pick apart evolutionary biology or climate science. My final
hypothesis: the Great Recession was caused by the smartest guys in the room
saying, trust us, we understand how credit default swaps work, and they're
great. No wonder so many Americans have decided that experts are idiots.
问答题知识和技术创新是人类经济、社会发展的重要动力源泉。中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。
中国政府支持科学家为了国家需求和科学发展开展基础研究，尊重科学家独特的敏感和创造精神，鼓励他们进行“好奇心驱动的研究”。在未来50年甚至更长的时期里，中国的发展将在很大程度上依赖于今天基础研究和高技术研究的创新成就，依赖于这些研究所必然孕育的优秀人才。
问答题在数亿球迷的翘首企盼中，一场盛大的体育狂欢正在如火如荼地进行。32支顶尖球队明星云集德国，为争夺大力神杯而杀得昏天黑地。
世界杯会如何影响世界经济?各国球迷们享用四年一度的足球大餐时，可能无暇考虑这等严肃的问题，但冷静的经济学家们却已经研究出了新成果。像奥运会一样，世界杯作为一种商业赛事，对东道主而言，意味着财源滚滚的“金鸡”。有专家预测，今年世界杯，德国将至少获得 200亿美元的直接经济效益。所以，荷兰Hypercube咨询公司干脆提议，国际足联将目前四年一度的世界杯赛的频率加快一倍，变成两年一度的赛事。
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问答题Disparaging comments by adults about a children"s presenter have led to an angry backlash in support of Cerrie Burnell, the 29-year-old CBeebies host who was born missing the lower section of her right arm. One man said that he would stop his daughter from watching the BBC children"s channel because Burnell would give his child nightmares.
Parents even called the broadcaster to complain after Burnell, with Alex Winters, took over the channel"s popular Do and Discover slot and The Bedtime Hour programme last month, to complain about her disability. And some of the vitriolic comments on the "Grown Up" section of the channel"s website were so nasty that they had to be removed.
"Is it just me, or does anyone else think the new woman presenter on CBeebies may scare the kids because of her disability?" wrote one adult on the CBeebies website. Other adults claimed that their children were asking difficult questions as a result. "I didn"t want to let my children watch the filler bits on The Bedtime Hour last night because I know it would have played on my eldest daughter"s mind and possibly caused sleep problems," said one message. The BBC received nine other complaints by phone.
While charities reacted angrily to the criticism of the children"s presenter, calling the comments disturbing, other parents and carers labeled the remarks as disgraceful, writing in support of Burnell and setting up a "fight disability prejudice" page on the social networking site Facebook.
"I think that it is great that Cerrie is on CBeebies. She is an inspiration to children and we should not underestimate their ability to understand and accept that all of us have differences—some visible and some not," wrote "Surfergirlboosmum". Other websites were flooded with equally supportive comments. "I feel we should all post counter complaints to the BBC and I"m sure they will receive more complaints about the fact they have even considered accepting these complaints," wrote Scott Tostevin on Facebook. "It"s a disgrace that people still have such negative views against people who are "different"", he added.
Burnell, who described her first television presenting role as a "dream job", has also appeared in EastEnders and Holby City and has been feted for performances in the theatre while also worked as a teaching assistant at a special needs school in London. She also has a four-year-old child. "I think the negative comments from those few parents are indicative of a wider problem of disabled representation in the media as a whole, which is why it"s so important for there to be more disabled role models in every area of the media," she said in response yesterday.
"The support that I"ve received ... has been truly heartening. It"s brilliant that parents are able to use me as a way of talking about disability with their children and for children who are similarly disabled to see what really is possible in life and for their worlds to be represented in such a positive, high profile manner."
Charities said that much still needed to be done to change perceptions in society. "In some way it is a pretty sad commentary on the way society is now and that both parents and children see few examples of disabled people. The sooner children are exposed to disability in mainstream education the better," said Mark Shrimpton at Radar, the U.K."s largest disability campaigning organisation. "She is a role model for other disabled people."
Rosemary Bolinger, a trustee at Scope, a charity for people with cerebral palsy, said: "It is disturbing that some parents have reacted in this way ... Unfortunately disabled people are generally invisible in the media and wider society."
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问答题Last month the U.S. Army, bumped favored defense contractor L-3 Communications from a $ 4.6 billion contract to provide translators and interpreters in Iraq. A new venture called Global Linguistic Solutions (GLS), headed by retired Army Major General James (Spider) Marks and primarily formed to bid on the contract, landed the job. The surprise caused L-3 shares to fall nearly 6%; the company lowered its sales forecast this year by $ 500 million.
Winning the contract may be the easy part for GLS. Luring interpreters to Iraq is another story. Job listings posted on L-3"s website read like something out of a Tom Clancy thriller. Wanted. "Arabic Linguist… Ability to deal unobtrusively with the local populace… Must be able to live in a harsh environment." The pay isn"t mentioned, but L-3 recently offered interpreters more than $175,000 annually to work in Iraq. Linguists usually don"t carry weapons and are often called on to participate in raids and other combat-related tasks. Casualty reports show that L-3"s Titan Corp, the major contractor supplying interpreters to the U.S. military, had 216 employees killed in Iraq—nearly 100 more fatalities than the entire British army stationed there.
Danger is just one way that the linguistics industry—interpreters who relay live chat and translators who process documents—has changed dramatically. More benignly, the Web and the global economy have led to 7.5% annual growth in the market, now pegged as a $ 9.4 billion business, according to research group Common Sense Advisory. While much of that is due to the military, there has been renewed growth elsewhere. "Firms from Starbucks to McDonald"s now have to communicate and market to customers in dozens of different languages," says Common Sense Advisory president Don DePalma.
The boom in translation jobs comes because of—and despite—technology. DePalma says there has been real acceleration in demand tied to software, since Microsoft"s new Vista operating system, updated versions of Mac and various other electronic devices have to conform to European standards. That requires local language to be used in everything from instruction manuals to safety standards. Add the growing use of bilingual signage aimed at Hispanics, multilingual U.S. court requirements and hospital needs, and over the next eight years, full-time linguistics employment is expected to jump more than 25%, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Computers are certainly doing some of the work. Companies like eBay, GM and Motorola have all used software from Massachusetts firm Idiom Technologies to help power their efforts in localization, as language targeting is sometimes called. Still, it often takes a real brain to differentiate terms in context: the word trunk can refer to a suitcase, a car hatch or an elephant"s snout, for example.
The biggest player in translation services last year was publicly held Lionbridge, employing 4,000 full-time staff members and 10,000 freelancers in 25 countries, with a current market cap of $350 million. Lionbridge, based in Massachusetts, translates technology for mobile-phone companies and clients such as McDonald"s, Google and Yahoo! "Computer code is code," says Lionbridge chief marketing officer Kevin Bolen. "But certain things such as metrics, time stamps and characters have to be re-engineered and hard-encoded into the software to display Japanese kanji, for instance."
Lionhridge and its competitors recruit at universities and industry websites such as linguistlist, org with specialists of all stripes in demand, from automotive experts to those with a knack for medical jargon. "India has about a dozen dialects needed to capture a substantial customer base," says Bolen, "so for Nokia we? re translating applications and phones and instructions in nine different ways."
Thanks to the Web, new companies become global from the get-go rather than at a later phase, Bolen explains. And localization companies don"t just deal in words but also the look, feel and design of text images. "We ask if buttons and keys scale to match the size of the text," he says, noting German characters are 30% longer than those in English, while those in Japanese are 30% shorter.
Although English is the language of business, there is essential need for translators who understand Farsi, Urdu, Bahasa Indonesian, Tamil and Arabic. It goes back to what Friedrich Nietzsche once wrote: "There are no facts, only interpretations."
问答题Many private firms in coastal provinces have difficulty hiring employees, for they feel that the college students request high salary but have no practical skills. The students, on the other hand, feel frustrated at the job market because the pay is low.
Topic: Is the pay too high or too low?
Questions for Reference:
1. What do you think of the employers" viewpoint?
2. If you were a graduate, would you accept low pay for your first job? Why or why not?
3. Some people think college graduates are no better than vocational school students. Do you agree?
问答题Blood banks in Shanghai hospitals are suffering from a lack of reserve.
It would seem that university students, a relatively healthy pool of men and
women, would jump at the opportunity to help the needed. But many students are
not keen on donating blood whereas they volunteer to donate money or other
things. Topic: Who wants to be a blood
donator? Questions for Reference:
1. People are unwilling to donate blood. What are the reasons?
2. The university students, who volunteer to donate money for the poor,
are not eager to donate their blood to the sick. Why? 3. What's
your attitude toward blood donation?
问答题Directions:
In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. You will hear the passages only once. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. You may take notes while you are listening.
问答题Ithinkwemustmakeimportantdecisionssoon.Weneedtodecidehowtodevelopournaturalresourcesandmineralwealthwithoutdestroyingthewildernessandharmingthewildlife.Whatisdecidedonnowwillaffectthegenerationstocome.Fortoday'slecture,I'llfirstshowyousomepicturesofAlaska'swildernessasitwas20yearsago,foilowedbysomeofthewildernessasitistoday.ThenI'dliketooutlinemyspecificsuggestionsforthepreservationsofAlaska.
问答题在一个极为漫长的历史阶段中，人类只能通过音乐表演和口授来传播音乐。当人类发明了乐谱后，音乐便开始脱离表演而演变成“文字”得以记录和传播。然而，人类音乐传播的真正革命性里程碑的建立者无疑是科学家们。他们创造了令人叹为观止的音乐传播手段，从最早的机械“留声机”到今天五花八门的“电子媒体”。在20世纪诸多的音乐传播手段中，无线电广播的发明和发展对音乐的传播起了极为重要的作用。然而，高科技的高速发展也使我国广播音乐工作者在新世纪中面临着严峻的挑战。
问答题Just outside its wooded headquarters campus, McDonald"s Corp. is offering sneak previews of its fast-food future.
Now playing at its new flagship restaurant: Digital-media kiosks for burning CDs, downloading cell-phone ring tones and printing photos. Dozens of plasma-screen TVs. Wi-Fi Internet access. New chicken sandwiches. Double-lane drivethrus. And an adjoining McCafe with gourmet coffees, fancy pastries and a fireplace.
Coming soon: Other menu items and concepts not yet released to a general audience.
Don"t expect Starbucks-like makeovers like this one at the 13,600 U. S. McDonald"s, or 30,000-plus worldwide; the Oak Brook restaurant, which opened late last month, doubles as public restaurant and test site. But the world"s largest restaurant chain is tinkering with various possibilities in technology and design to try to ensure it is a hangout of choice in the future.
McDonald"s has undergone an image change in more ways than one since a time 2 1/2 years ago when its sales and reputation were sagging amid complaints about its service and food. Despite inconsistent results in some large European countries, that McSlump is no longer: Same-store sales have increased for 25 straight months in the key U. S. market.
问答题Introduce briefly some failed expansions Starbucks experienced in the past.