问答题Since Darwin, biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan or meaning, pursuing no aim by the direct road of design. But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error. Why should evolution, exactly as Darwin knew it and described it, be planless and irrational? Do not aircraft design engineers work, at precisely that point where specific calculations and plans give out, according to the same principle of evolution, when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel, in order to choose the one that functions best? Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists, through thousands of computer operations, try to find out which materials, in which combinations and with what structural form, are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor? They also practise no designed adaptation, but work by the principle of selection. But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational.

问答题Controversy has been aroused about the works of Jin Yong, a famous martial-arts fiction writer in China, being used in the students' Chinese textbooks. Some experts in the field of education welcome the practice, while others are strongly against it. Topic: Should martial-arts fictions be integrated into the Chinese textbook? Questions for Reference: 1. Some people think the martial-arts fictions full of violence and romance are not suitable for the students. What's your opinion? 2. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of Jin Yong's martial-arts fictions as textbook material? 3. What are the possible negative effects and how can we reduce them?

问答题Which developed economies will gain most from the emerging economies' new economic muscle? Conventional wisdom has it that America's economy is coping much better than Europe's with competition from emerging economies, thanks to its flexible labor and product markets. According to this view, Europe is having a tough time dealing with globalization, burdened by high minimum wages, extensive job protection, high taxes and generous welfare benefits. But conventional wisdom may have got it wrong. Since 1997 employment in the euro area has grown slightly faster than in America. Over the past decade, European firms have been much more successful than America's in holding down unit labor costs and thus remaining competitive. And since 2000 the euro area's share of world export markets has risen slightly to 1770, whereas America's share has slumped from 14% to 10X. Thus, by many measures of competitiveness, Europe appears to be coping better with the emerging economies than America.

问答题Why does the author mention the story of Frederick Winslow Taylor at the beginning of the passage?

问答题关于克隆人的争论 自从1997年世界上第一只克隆绵羊多利诞生以后，每年都有不少新的克隆动物问世。最近，美国和意大利两位科学家宣布他们将联手尝试克隆人，用来帮助不育夫妇获得后代。这个爆炸性的新闻一公布，就立即引起了世界各国的强烈反响，赞成者有之，反对者更多。许多国家早就立法或者曾经下令予以禁止。能不能够克隆人、是否应该允许克隆人，越来越成为人们关注的一个问题。 科学界、政治界和宗教界内反对克隆人的呼声非常强烈。他们认为克隆人在技术上成功率不高，其后果是破坏人的伦理道德，给社会造成灾难。 在主流的反对声中，还有一种微弱的声音认为，克隆人的是非需要等待历史来验证。他们认为，克隆技术确实与原子能技术等一样，既能造福人类，也可祸害无穷。但“技术恐惧”的实质，是对错误运用技术的人的恐惧，而不是对技术本身的恐惧。历史上输血技术、器官移植等，都曾经带来极大的伦理争论。而当第一位试管婴儿于1978年在英国出生时，更是掀起了轩然大波，但现在全世界已经有300多万试管婴儿。某项科技进步最终是否真正有益于人类，关键在于人类如何对待和应用它。 然而，多数人对于克隆人的反对立场并没有影响克隆作为一项科学技术的迅速发展。一些科学家认为，克隆人的尝试必将进行下去，人们所要做的是学会怎么去控制它。 今天，人类拥有空前丰富的信息、工具和资源，科学的发展已进入信息时代、核能时代、航天时代和生命科学时代，如何使科学造福而不是祸害人类和地球，是人们应该关注和警觉的问题。

问答题Questions 1～3 Europeans have mixed feelings about class. They deplore the idea that people may remain mired in poverty, and they have large welfare program to help them move up. They also resent the sight of rich families staying at the top for generations, and so impose high taxes to redistribute wealth and income. On the other hand, compared with Americans, Europeans cling to a somewhat static view of society. They dislike the extremes of wealth and poverty that accompany America"s supposed free-for-all meritocracy. They look askance at "excessive" job mobility, which breeds insecurity. Polls show that, compared with Americans, Europeans are more likely to dislike unfettered market competition and to believe that success is outside their own control. With some exceptions (e.g. Dick Whittington), they lack the equivalent of Horatio Alger"s myth of rags to riches. In short, in the European view, social stability is desirable, and if a certain amount of inflexibility is needed to underpin it, that is a price worth paying to avoid the restless uncertainties of America" s market-driven model. Yet the curious thing is that European society—at least in the Nordic countries—is far less stable than America"s. Two new research papers confirm that, if one compares the incomes of children with those of their parents, or considers how long people in one income group stay there, Nordic countries emerge far more mobile than America. Britain shows more class stability than its northern neighbors, but it is still a lot closer to them than it is to America. The authors rank countries on a scale from one to zero, with one meaning no mobility at all (i. e. a child"s income is identical to its parents") and zero meaning perfect mobility (i. e. a child"s income bears no relation to its parents"). The Nordic countries score around 0.2 for sons, Britain scores 0.36, and America 0.54 (meaning that a son"s earnings are more closely related to his father"s in America). These figures are roughly in line with the conclusions of other studies, though they have the advantage of using standardized data, thereby minimizing problems of definition that usually bedevil cross-country comparisons. The biggest finding of the studies is not, however, about overall social mobility, but about mobility at the bottom. This is the most distinctive feature of. Nordic societies, and it is also perhaps the most significant difference with America. Around three quarters of sons born into the poorest fifth of the population in Nordic countries in the late 1950s had moved out of that category by the time they were in their early 40s. In contrast, only just over half of American men born at the bottom later moved up. This is another respect in which Britain is more like the Nordics than like America. some 70% of its poorest sons escaped from poverty within a generation. The Nordic countries are distinctive in one further way. the sons born at the bottom (into the poorest fifth) earn roughly the same as those born a rung above them (the second-poorest fifth). In other words, Nordic countries have almost completely snapped the link between the earnings of parents and children at and near the bottom. That is not at all true of America. Social mobility at middle-income levels is more similar everywhere (it is a bit higher in most European countries, but not by much). That may partly explain why Americans think their society is more mobile than it is (the middle classes tend to set the political agenda, and mobility is genuine enough for them). It may also explain why few Europeans appreciate quite how much movement up and down the income ladder there is, because much of it takes place off the radar screen of the politically influential. The obvious explanation for greater mobility in the Nordic countries is their tax and welfare systems, which (especially when compared with America"s) deliberately try to help the children of the poor to do better than their parents. One might expect social mobility and economic flexibility to go together—in fact, to be two sides of the same coin. But to the extent that redistribution is an explanation, it implies the opposite: that social mobility is a product of high public spending, a bit like the low incidence of poverty or longer life expectancy (on both of which Europe also does better than America). But greater public spending tends also to be associated with less economic flexibility—which is why Nordic countries have sought to limit the more arthritis-inducing features of their tax-and-spend programs. Yet redistributive fiscal policies cannot be all there is to it. If they were, Nordic countries would not do as well as they do (their welfare states are not appreciably more generous than Britain"s). The other part of the explanation seems to be their superior education systems. Education has long been recognized as the most important single trigger of social mobility—and all four Nordic countries do unusually well in the school-appraisal system developed by the OECD. That in turn may explain why the bigger continental European countries, notably France, Germany, Italy, are not as mobile as Nordic ones. With relatively poor education systems, they are bound to perform more like Britain. But that still makes them socially (if not economically) more flexible than the land of the free. For Europe, the secrets of greater social mobility are, first, tough redistribution policies that particularly benefit those at the bottom; and, especially in Nordic countries, a suppler and less class-ridden education system, running from top to bottom. America could learn something from that.

问答题技术进步和全球化经济改变了雇主的需求，研究生院正在改革它们的课程，以使学生具有市场竞争力。举例来说，商学院已经制定出新的重点研究领域——电子商务、保健、品牌管理，这些领域能培养学生把理论应用到工作中去。法学院则按常规使学生接触国际法，因为众多的商业交易和各种法律案件如今都是跨国界的。即使最受欢迎的工程师们最终也需要接受继续教育，因此，工程学院正在设置远程教育课程。这样，那些工作着的学生可以利用业余时间上因特网学习。 随着教育机会的日益增多，研究生课程选择便需要自我斟酌并做大量的研究。那些已进入医学院或法学院学习的人显然十分渴望获取学位，但是，他们也需要作出新的决定：选学什么能使他们未来的职业更好。拥有理科博士学位的人因为具备独立工作和解决复杂问题的能力，现在往往被招聘到投资银行业、管理咨询业和制药业；英语毕业生则在出版业找到机会。

问答题Graduates from under-privileged backgrounds are to challenge the elitism of the barristers" profession, under plans outlined today. Reforms aimed at challenging the dominance of the rich and privileged classes which are disproportionately represented among the membership of the Bar will tackle the decline in students from poorer backgrounds joining the profession. They include financial assistance as well as measures to end the "intimidating environment" of the barristers" chambers which young lawyers must join if they want to train as advocates. The increasing cost of the Bar and a perception that it is run by a social elite has halted progress in the greater inclusion of barristers from different backgrounds. A number of high-profile barristers, including the prime minister"s wife, Cherie Booth QC, have warned that without changes, the Bar will continue to be dominated by white, middle-class male lawyers. In a speech to the Social Mobility Foundation think tank in London this afternoon, Geoffrey Vos QC, Bar Council chairman, will say: "The Bar is a professional elite, by which I mean that the Bar"s membership includes the best-quality lawyers practicing advocacy and offering specialist legal advice in many specialist areas. That kind of elitism is meritocratic, and hence desirable." "Unfortunately, however, the elitism which fosters the high-quality services that the Bar stands for has also encouraged another form of elitism. That is elitism in the sense of exclusivity, exclusion, and in the creation of a profession which is barely accessible to equally talented people from less privileged backgrounds." Last month, Mr. Vos warned that the future of the barristers" profession was threatened by an overemphasis on posh accents and public school education. Mr. Vos said then that people from ordinary backgrounds were often overlooked in favour of those who were from a "snobby" background. People from a privileged background were sometimes recruited even though they were not up to the job intellectually, he added. In his speech today, Mr. Vos will outline the "barriers to entry", to a career at the Bar and some of the ways in which these may be overcome. The Bar Council has asked the law lord, Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, to examine how these barriers can be overcome, and he will publish his interim report and consultation paper before Easter. He is expected to propose a placement programme to enable gifted children from state schools to learn about the Bar, the courts and barristers at first hand. The Bar Council is also working towards putting together a new package of bank loans on favourable terms to allow young, aspiring barristers from poorer backgrounds to finance the Bar vocational course year and then have the financial ability to establish themselves in practice before they need to repay. These loans would be available alongside the Inns of Court"s scholarship and awards programmes. Mr. Vos will say today: "I passionately believe that the professions in general, and the Bar in particular, must be accessible to the most able candidates from any background, whatever their race, gender, or socioeconomic group. The Bar has done well in attracting good proportions of women and racial minorities and we must be as positive in attracting people from all socioeconomic backgrounds."

问答题 If I wanted to, I could come up with a dozen excuses. I was fired after a long day of work. Or maybe I was hungry. The simple truth is, when I walked into the living room and my 12-year-old son looked up at me and said. "I love you," I didn't know what to say. For several long seconds all I could do was standing there and staring down at him, waiting for the other shoe to drop. He must need help with his homework was my first thought. Or he's going to hit me up for an advance on his allowance. Or he's assassinated his brother—I always knew it would happen someday—and he's trying to prepare me gently for the news. Finally I asked, "What do you want?" He laughed, and started to run from the room. But I called him back. "Hey, what was that all about?" I demanded. " Nothing," he said, grinning, "My health teacher said we should, tell our parents that we love them and see what they say. It's sort of an experiment. " The next day I called his teacher to find out more about this "experiment. " And, to be truthful, to find out how the other parents had reacted. "Basically, most of the fathers had the same reaction you did," my son's teacher said. "When I first suggested we try this, I asked the kids what they thought their parents would say. They all laughed. A couple of them figured their folks would have heart attacks. " Some parents, I suspect, resented what the teacher had done. After all, a junior-high-school health teacher's job is to teach children how to eat balanced diets and brush their teeth properly. What does saying "I love you" have to do with that? It is, after all, a personal thing between parents and their children, nobody else's business. "The point is," the teacher explained, "feeling loved is an important part of health. It's something all human beings require. What I'm trying to tell the kids is that it's too bad we don't all express those feelings. Not just parents to children and not just boys to girls. A boy should be able to tell his buddy that he loves him. " The teacher, a middle-aged man, understands how difficult it is for some of us to say the things that would be good for us to say. His father never said those things to him, he admits. And he never said them to his father — not even when his father was about to die. There are a lot of us like that. Men and women, who were raised by parents who loved us but never really said so. It is a common reason for the way many of us behave. But as an excuse it is starting to wear thin. Our generation has devoted a great deal of attention to getting in touch with our feelings and verbalizing our emotions. We know, or should know, that our children — sons as well as daughters — need more from us than food on the table and clothes in the closet. We know, or should know, that a father's kiss will fit as comfortably on the cheek of a son as on that of a daughter. So when my son came to me that evening for his bedtime kiss—a kiss that seems to be getting briefer every night—I held on to him for an extra second. And just before he pulled away, I said in my deepest, most manly voice, "Hey, I love you too. " I don't know if saying that made either of us healthier, but it did feel pretty good. Maybe next time when one of my kids says, "I love you," it won't take me a whole day to think of the right answer.

问答题The regular use of text messages and e-mails can lower the IQ more than twice as much as smoking marijuana. That is the claim of psychologists who have found that tapping away on a mobile phone or computer keypad or checking them for electronic messages temporarily knocks up to 10 points off the user"s IQ. This rate of decline in intelligence compares unfavourably with the four-point drop in IQ associated with smoking marijuana, according to British researchers, who have labelled the fleeting phenomenon of enhanced stupidity as "infomania". The noticeable drop in IQ is attributed to the constant distraction of "always on" technology when employees should be concentrating on what they are paid to do. Furthermore, infomania is having a negative effect on work colleagues, increasing stress and dissenting feelings. Nine out of ten polled thought that colleagues who answered e-mails or messages during a face-to-face meeting were extremely rode. Yet one in three Britons believes that it is not only acceptable, but actually diligent and efficient to do so.

问答题During the term of this Contract, all technical documentation, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques and know-how, to be provided by one Party to the other shall be treated by the recipient as "Confidential Information". Each Party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other party only for the purpose contemplated by this Contract and for no other purposes. Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form except as required to accomplish the intent of, and in accordance with the terms of, this Contract. Title to such information and the interest related thereto shall remain with the provider all the time.

问答题Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. America's population hit the 300 million mark yesterday—at 7:46 a.m. Eastern time, according to Census Bureau estimates. Nobody knows exactly who became America's 300 millionth citizen. But demographers are summing up the milestone as a turning point that signals several trends to watch as the U.S.—in contrast with Europe and Japan—deals with a steadily growing population. Politically and demographically, experts say, the shifts will begin to have an impact on regions of the country not yet used to the new diversity provided by the influx of Hispanics and Asians, which has already transformed California, Arizona, Texas, Florida, and New York. In coming years, Midwesterners, those in the Great Plains, rural areas, and small towns everywhere will begin to deal with the challenges of new ethnic and racial residents, says William Frey, a population expert at the Brookings Institution in Washington. And the country as a whole will begin to be more dominated by a young/ old divide than the current liberal/conservative model that dominates political discourse. "This means we are going to transform the current, red/blue political dichotomy to one where the nation is separated by age ... young vs. old," says Mr. Frey. "The issues of younger generations dealing with children and opportunities for minorities will clash with those of the aging baby boomers whose voters are concerned with issues of aging and Social Security and Medicare," he adds. "Both parties will have to adjust to this new dichotomy." The new milestone hasn't generated much hoopla. That's in sharp contrast to 1967, when President Johnson hailed the 200 millionth American, and Life magazine dispatched a cadre of photographers to find a baby born at the exact moment. One reason is that population growth has become controversial, especially in an election year when immigration is a hot-button issue and politicians are wary. Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez says the Bush administration is not playing down the milestone, though he had no plans for Tuesday. "I would hate to think that we are going to be low-key about this," he says, since growth helps the economy. While it's hard to prove that population growth spurs economic growth, the two often go hand in hand, according to experts quoted in the Monitor's recently published series: "U.S. population: 300 million. " For example: a nation with a rising population can support its retirees far more easily than one with a declining population. That's an advantage for the U.S., which is virtually the only developed nation expected to grow this century. But population growth has less rosy implications, the Monitor series points out. Some experts worry that the land can't sustain the extra 100 million people expected by 2043. Another challenge is sprawl, the dominant model of development, which gobbles up forest and prairie.

问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.

问答题What is a novel? I say: an invented story. At the same time a story which, though invented, has the power to ring true. True to what? True to life as the reader knows life to be or, it may be, feels life to be. And I mean the adult, the grown-up reader. Such a reader has outgrown fairy tales, and we do not want the fantastic and the impossible. So I say to you that a novel must stand up to the adult tests of reality. You may say: "If one wants truth, why not go to the literally true book? Biography or documentary, these amazing accounts of amazing experiences which people have." Yes, but I am suggesting to you that there is a distinction between truth and so-called reality. What these people write in their accounts of happenings is not confining itself to what happened. The novel does not simply recount experience; it adds to experience. I hope you will see what I mean. It is not news at all, not anything sensational or spectacular. And here comes in what is the actual livening spark of the novel: the novelist"s imagination has a power of its own. It does not merely invent, it perceives. It intensifies, therefore it gives power, extra importance, greater truth and greater inner reality to what may well be ordinary and everyday things. So much is art—the art that, in common with poetry, drama, painting, and music, does, we all know, enter into the novel. But not less and absolutely joined with the art is craft, and craft—craftsmanship—is absolutely and surely an essential for the writing of a novel. I have said the novel is a story. It is the story aspect that I am talking about first and now, and the craft of the novelist does lie first of all in story telling. Would you or I, as readers, be drawn into a novel if our interest was not pegged to the personalities and outlooks and the actions of the people whom we encounter inside the story? They are the attractive elements in the book. This being so, which comes first actually into the mind of the novelist when he begins to work: the people, or character, or the plot? Do not think it strange when I say that the plot comes first. The actual idea or outline of a book is there—the possibilities of a situation—and then the novelist thinks, "what would be the kind of person who would perform such an action? What would be the other kind of person who would react in a particular way?" I think to myself "I need a proud man," or "I need a woman so idiotically romantic in temperament that she will do unwise things." or "I need perhaps an almost excessively innocent or ignorant young person." In that sense the characters are called into existence by the demands of the plot; but I do not want you to feel that the characters are merely invented to formula. That is not so at a11. Their existence having begun, they take into themselves a most extraordinary and imperative reality. And their relation with plot is a dual one because, though to an extent the demands of the plot control them, the plot also serves to give them force and purpose. And, because of the plot, those characters are so shown and so brought into action that as little as possible of them shall go to waste. The people, the characters in a novel, must carry with them into the book their own kind of inevitability. We are conscious when we meet the people involved in a story that they have something within them which will probably take them towards some inevitable fate or end. If that inevitability breaks down—if the characters are compelled by the author to do what we instinctively know they would not do—then I think we feel that there is a flaw in the reality of the novel.

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问答题If one believed that the universe had a beginning, the obvious question was: What happened before the beginning? What was God doing before He made the world? Was He preparing Hell for people who asked such questions? The problem of whether or not the universe had a beginning was a great concern to the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. He felt there were logical contradictions, or Antinomies, either way. If the universe had a beginning, why did it wait an infinite time before it began? He called that file thesis. On the other hand, if the universe had existed forever, why did it take an infinite time to reach the present stage? He called that the antithesis. Both the thesis, and the antithesis, depended on Kant"s assumption, along with almost everyone else, that time was Absolute. That is to say, it went from the infinite past, to the infinite future, independently of any universe that might or might not exist in this background.

问答题We know that more is to be gained when great powers cooperate than when they collide. That is a lesson that human beings have learned time and again, and that is the example of the history between our nations. And I believe strongly that cooperation must go beyond our government. It must be rooted in our people--in the studies we share, the business that we do, the knowledge that we gain, and even in the sports that we play. And these bridges must be built by young men and women just like you and your counterparts in America. That's why I'm pleased to announce that the United States will dramatically expand the number of our students who study in China to 100,000. And these exchanges mark a clear commitment to build ties among our people, as surely as you will help determine the destiny of the 21st century. And I'm absolutely confident that America has no better ambassadors to offer than our young people. For they, just like you, are filled with talent and energy and optimism about the history that is yet to be written.

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问答题Questions 4～6 Marriage really is good for you, with a major international study finding it reduces the risks of depression and anxiety, but these disorders are more likely to plague people once the relationship is over. The study of 34,493 people across 15 countries was led by clinical psychologist Kate Scott from New Zealand"s University of Otago, and is based on the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys conducted over the past decade. It found that ending marriage through separation, divorce or death is linked to an increased risk of mental health disorders, with women more likely to resort to substance abuse and men more likely to become depressed. "What makes this investigation unique and more robust is the sample that is so large and across so many countries and the fact that we have data not only on depression... but also on anxiety and substance use disorders," Scott said in a statement. "In addition, we were able to look at what happens to mental health in marriage, both in comparison with never getting married, and with ending marriage." Scott said that the study found that getting married, compared to not getting married, was good for the mental health of both genders, not just women, as previous studies had found. The study, however, did find that men are less likely to become depressed in their first marriage than women, a factor Scott said was probably linked to the traditional gender roles at home, as other WMH surveys have shown that as women get better educated, depression rates tend to fall. The other gender difference the study found is that getting married reduces risk of substance use disorders more for women than for men Scott said this may be explained by the fact that women are usually the primary caregiver for young children. However, the downside of marriage, the University of Otago study shows, is that ending it has a negative impact on both genders. "What our study points to is that the marital relationship offers a lot of mental health benefits for both men and women, and that the distress and disruption associated with ending marriage can make people vulnerable to developing mental disorders," Scott said. The study was recently published in the British journal Psychological Medicine. It was conducted in association with the World Health Organization, Harvard University and a number of other international organizations.

问答题有两个大款附庸风雅，参加一个冷餐会，与会者自然不乏真正的名流学者。席间，一个学者与其中的大款甲闲聊，话题不知怎么扯到莎士比亚身上。学者问大款甲：“先生是否对莎士比亚最感兴趣？”大款甲顿了顿，随即正色说：“相比之下，还是威士忌合我口味。”这时，大家都暗自窃笑。大款乙也看出了苗头，悻悻然走开。在回来的小车上，大款乙教训大款甲说：“你真一点都不懂，莎士比亚是饮料，你怎么把它当洋酒了！”