填空题{{B}}A: Spot Dictation{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your {{B}}ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/B}} Remember you will hear the passage {{B}}ONLY ONCE.{{/B}} To the majority of us, music is an indispensable part of our daily life. It can be defined in this way, music is sound arranged into{{U}} (1) {{/U}}patterns. It forms an important part of many cultural and{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. People use music to express feelings and ideas. Music also serves to{{U}} (3) {{/U}}when we are exhausted. Music is a performing art. It differs from such arts as{{U}} (4) {{/U}}, in which artists creates works and then display or publish them.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}need musicians to interpret and perform their work, just as playwrights need actors to{{U}} (6) {{/U}}. Thus, most musical performances are really{{U}} (7) {{/U}}between composers and performers. Music also plays{{U}} (8) {{/U}}in other arts. Opera combines singing and orchestra music with drama. Ballet and{{U}} (9) {{/U}}need music to help the dancers with their steps. Motion pictures and{{U}} (10) {{/U}}use music to help set the mood and emphasize the action. Also, composers have{{U}} (11) {{/U}}to music. Music is one of the oldest arts. People probably started to sing{{U}} (12) {{/U}}. Hunting tools struck together may have been the first{{U}} (13) {{/U}}. By about 10,000 B.C, people had discovered how to make flutes out of hollow bones.{{U}} (14) {{/U}}, including the Chinese, Egyptians used music in court and{{U}} (15) {{/U}}. The first written music in the history can be dated back to 2500 B.C. Today, music{{U}} (16) {{/U}}around the world. The music of people in Europe and the{{U}} (17) {{/U}}is known as Western music. There are two kinds of Western music,{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. Classical music includes symphonies, operas and ballets. Popular music includes{{U}} (19) {{/U}}, folk music, jazz, and rock music. The cultures of Africa and Asia have{{U}} (20) {{/U}}of classical and popular music.

填空题Self-esteem is the combination of 1 —the conviction that you 2 cope with life"s challenges and are worthy of happiness. Self-esteem is the way you talk to yourself about yourself. Self-esteem has two interrelated aspects; it entails a sense of 3 and a sense of personal worth. It is the 4 self-confidence and self-respect. It is the conviction that one is competent to live and 5 Our self-esteem and self-image are developed by 6 All of us have conscious and unconscious memories of all the times 7 —they are part of the 8 of childhood. This is where the critical voice gets started. Everyone has a 9 . People with low self-esteem simply have a more vicious and demeaning inner voice. Psychologists say that almost every aspect of our lives—our personal happiness, success, relationships with others, 10 are dependent on 11 . The more we have, the better we deal with things. 12 is important because when people experience it, they feel good and look good, they are 13 , and they respond to other people and themselves in healthy, positive, growing ways. People who have positive self-esteem know that they are 14 , and they care about themselves and other people. They do not have to 15 by tearing other people down or 16 competent people. Our background largely determines what we will become in personality and more importantly in self-esteem. Where do 17 come from? Many come from our families, since more than 80% of our waking hours up to the age of eighteen are spent 18 . We are who we are because of where we"ve been. We build Our own brands of self-esteem 19 : fate, the positive things life offers, the negative things life offers and our own decisions about 20 , the positives and the negatives.

填空题Lackner, a 1 energy expert at Columbia University, has designed an 2 tree that soaks up carbon dioxide from the air using "leaves" 1,000 times more efficient than true leaves. He explains: The leaves are 3 in a resin that contains sodium carbonate, which pulls carbon dioxide out of the air and stores it as a bicarbonate on the leaves. To remove the carbon dioxide, the leaves are 4 in water 5 and can dry naturally in the wind, soaking up more carbon dioxide. He 6 that our total 7 could be removed with 100 million trees. The removed carbon dioxide can be 8 and stored; however, there isn"t enough space to store it. But 9 are coming up with 10 , for example, peridotite, which is a great 11 of carbon dioxide. Another 12 could be the basalt rock 13 , which contain 14 gas bubbles. 15 carbon dioxide into these bubbles causes it to form 16 limestone. However, Lackner thinks the gas is very useful and it can be used to make 17 fuels for transport 18 . We have the technology to suck carbon dioxide out of the air, and keep it out, but whether it is economically 19 is a different question. We have to decide whether the cost of the technology is socially and economically 20 the price.

填空题Many people neglect this most important communication skill. Do you know that we spend an average of 1 .? Of this communication time, 9% is spent writing, 2 and 45% listening. Immediately after hearing something, most of us can recall only 50% of what we hear. Within two to eight weeks, we can recall 3 of the original message. Our mental attitudes 4 what we hear. Some suggestions to 5 are mentioned below. First of all, stop talking—you can"t listen 6 Ask questions—when you don"t understand, when you 7 , when you want them to like you and 8 that you are listening. Don"t interrupt— 9 to say what they have to say. 10 what they are saying—actively 11 on their words, their ideas and their feelings as they 12 . Look at the prospect—by looking, it gives them confidence that you are, in fact, listening. It helps you to concentrate too. 13 —try to forget your own 14 . Leave them outside of the meeting room. They will 15 well. Understand the main points—concentrate on the main ideas and not 16 . Don"t argue mentally—when you are trying to understand other people, it is a 17 them mentally as they are speaking. This only 18 between yourself and the speaker. Use the 19 —you can listen faster than you can talk. So use this rate difference to your 20 , anticipating what they are going to say, and thinking back over what they have just said and evaluating the development of their argument.

填空题Holidaysarespecialtimesof(1)fromworkandotherroutines.Holidaysareoftentimesforcelebration,(2),eating,drinking,travel,andfamily(3).Inmostculturestheschedulingofholidaysoriginallywasrelatedtothe(4),the(5)cycle,and(6).Christmas,December25,celebratesthe(7)ofJesus,butitisnotactuallyknownwhetherJesuswas(8)inthewintertimeOvertheyearsChristmashascometosymbolizegoodwilland(9)forbothChristiansandnon-Christians,andthe(10)ofChristmasthreatenstoreplacegenerositywithgreed.OtherimportantholidaysinAmericaareValentine'sDay,St.Patrick'sDay,AprilFools'Day,and(11).OnValentine'sDay,peoplegivecards,chocolates,flowers,andkissestotheir(12)andsweethearts.DuringEasterWeekinlateMarchorearlyApril,Christiansrememberthedeathand(13)ofJesus.Althoughnotactuallyaholidayandhasnoreligious(14),AprilFools'Day,celebratedonApril1,isadaywhenpeopleplayembarrassing(15)ontheirfiendsand(16)andevenontheirteachers.In(17),LaborDayiscelebratedonMay1,whereasin(18)andtheUnitedStates,laborandlaborersarehonoredbya(19)holidayonthefirst(20)inSeptember.

填空题{{B}}A: Spot Dictation{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your {{B}}ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/B}} Remember you will hear the passage {{B}}ONLY ONCE.{{/B}} What does it mean to relax? Despite{{U}} (1) {{/U}}thousands of times during the course of our lives,{{U}} (2) {{/U}}have deeply considered what it's really about. When you ask people what it means to relax, most will answer in a way that suggests that relaxing is something you{{U}} (3) {{/U}}—you do it on vacation, in a hammock,{{U}} (4) {{/U}}, or when you get everything done. This implies, of course, that most other times should{{U}} (5) {{/U}}, agitated, rushed, and frenzied. Very few actually come out and say no, but this is{{U}} (6) {{/U}}. Could this explain why so many of us operate as if life were one great{{U}} (7) {{/U}}? Most of us postpone relaxation until our "in-basket"{{U}} (8) {{/U}}. Of course it never is. It is useful to think of relaxation as{{U}} (9) {{/U}}that you can access on a regular basis rather than something{{U}} (10) {{/U}}some later time. You can relax now. It's helpful to remember that relaxed people can still be{{U}} (11) {{/U}}and, in fact, that{{U}} (12) {{/U}}go hand in hand. When I'm feeling upright, for example, I don't even{{U}} (13) {{/U}}. But when I feel relaxed, my writing{{U}} (14) {{/U}}. Being more relaxed{{U}} (15) {{/U}}training yourself to{{U}} (16) {{/U}}to the dramas of life, turning your melodrama into a mellow drama. It comes, in part, from{{U}} (17) {{/U}}over and over again (with loving kindness and patience) that you{{U}} (18) {{/U}}in how you respond to life. You can learn to relate to your thinking as well as{{U}} (19) {{/U}}in new ways. With practice, making these choices{{U}} (20) {{/U}}a more relaxed self.

填空题 Today I'm going to look at the sense of hearing. In general, we tend to assume that we all hear the same thing. But, in fact, this seems to be a {{U}}(1) {{/U}} because men and women are increasingly claiming that there are {{U}}(2) {{/U}} in what they hear. So are they right? Do men and women have different {{U}}(3) {{/U}} experience? The most fascinating thing about the {{U}}(4) {{/U}} of the ear is that a part that measures three millimeters in a child often will also measure three millimeters in a very tall {{U}}(5) {{/U}}. But can men and women's hearing vary despite this {{U}}(6) {{/U}}? An Australian {{U}}(7) {{/U}} Alan Treece is adamant that they can. He believes that men are better at discerning the {{U}}(8) {{/U}} of a sound than women. Treece is also convinced that women are {{U}}(9) {{/U}} programmed to hear crying babies. He puts it down to the fact that women hear better than men in terms of distinguishing {{U}}(10) {{/U}} sounds. He links this to the fact that women as the child bearers need the ability to hear if there is any {{U}}(11) {{/U}} coming from the child. But it does seem that when the role of carer is {{U}}(12) {{/U}}, men are mysteriously equally good at hearing their {{U}}(13) {{/U}}. So what's the scientific truth behind such ideas? An ongoing study shows that women's hearing is slightly better than men's. And this difference is observable from the moment of {{U}}(14) {{/U}}. One mysterious difference between the sexes was {{U}}(15) {{/U}} recently when a number of women in {{U}}(16) {{/U}} started hearing strange sounds, which their husbands simply couldn't. The local council has {{U}}(17) {{/U}} to work out what the sounds can be. What is really intriguing is that all the {{U}}(18) {{/U}} sent in to the Council offices so far have been from {{U}}(19) {{/U}}. No man seems to be able to hear it. This might give us a {{U}}(20) {{/U}} insight into the mysterious world of sound.

填空题 Ending a marriage can be a sad{{U}} (1) {{/U}}experience, especially for children. In the United States, the number of children{{U}} (2) {{/U}}grows by about one-million each year. As the number increases, experts continue to{{U}} (3) {{/U}}of divorce on children. Some experts say divorce is{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. Some studies show that children of divorce have more problems. For example, some children of divorce are more often{{U}} (5) {{/U}}toward parents and teachers. They have{{U}} (6) {{/U}}of leaving school before completing their studies. They have more{{U}} (7) {{/U}}. However, experts note that these problems are not necessarily caused by divorce alone. During the 1970s, many Americans believed that divorce was{{U}} (8) {{/U}}for married people who were not happy. People did not think divorce would harm children. They thought children would{{U}} (9) {{/U}}a period of change when their parents ended their marriage. Then the children would be all fight. {{U}} (10) {{/U}}have changed in recent years. Researchers studied more than one-hundred children of divorce over{{U}} (11) {{/U}}. She says some children never{{U}} (12) {{/U}}. She says they often have problems with their{{U}} (13) {{/U}}as a result of their parents' divorce. Ms Wallerstein says her study proves that parents should{{U}} (14) {{/U}}for their children, even if they are unhappy. However, some people say that children suffer more in a situation where{{U}} (15) {{/U}}. They say it is better for children to live with one divorced parent than to live with two parents who are{{U}} (16) {{/U}}. Other experts note that many children of divorce{{U}} (17) {{/U}}. This is because their parents are able to deal with the situation{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. Experts say that some people who get divorced are able to{{U}} (19) {{/U}}of their children first. They say that they are able to show the children that their{{U}} (20) {{/U}}after the divorce.

填空题 Many typically "American" characteristics are a result of {{U}}(1) {{/U}}. There is remarkable ethnic {{U}}(2) {{/U}} in the U. S.. Among its population of {{U}}(3) {{/U}} million,{{U}} (4) {{/U}}% is White, 12% African American, and 8% {{U}}(5) {{/U}}. Many Americans don't like {{U}}(6) {{/U}} being made about them because they see themselves as very unique. {{U}}(7) {{/U}} is probably the most highly esteemed value in the American culture, and Americans may feel uncomfortable when given more help than they need, because they see {{U}}(8) {{/U}} as weakness. The focus on the individual has led to a more {{U}}(9) {{/U}} society. For example, phrases like "drop by any time" are others ways of saying {{U}}(10) {{/U}} {{U}}(11) {{/U}} and frankness are more important to Americans than "saving face", and they may bring up impolite conversation topics which you may find {{U}}(12) {{/U}}, controversial or even offensive. This encourages them to dissolve {{U}}(13) {{/U}} themselves. Some behaviors have culturally become associated with straightforwardness. For example, a firm {{U}}(14) {{/U}} is often interpreted as a sign of sincerity, so is direct eye contact. To most Americans, honesty is always preferred to {{U}}(15) {{/U}} {{U}}(16) {{/U}} is considered an important attribute, and you will need to offer an apology and {{U}}(17) {{/U}} if you are more than {{U}}(18) {{/U}} minutes late. Americans also value achievement and {{U}}(19) {{/U}}, so sports {{U}}(20) {{/U}} are often displayed in their homes.

填空题The term home schooling or home tuition, as it is called in England, means educating children at home or in places other than a 1 such as a public or private school. There are many reasons why parents choose home schooling for their children. Some parents are 2 the quality of education in public schools. Others do not want their children to have to worry about 3 , or social pressure from friends. These parents fear this type of pressure will lead to 4 such as smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs. 5 from other students is another concern. In 1996, it was estimated that between 120,000 and 6 children are being home schooled in the U.S. Professor Jane describes parents who teach their children at home as either ideologues or pedagogues. Ideologues tend to view home school as opportunities to 7 using pre-determined curricula, textbooks and 8 . Pedagogues tend to place the learner central to everything else that transpires in the home. Whatever the forms, there are however some basic keys to creating a successful environment for home schooling: Provide an opportunity for children to 9 other children close to their age. With today"s technology, 10 as many types of instruction methods as possible. These methods may include 11 , interactive satellite broadcasts or electronic networks among schools. By then, the teacher will 12 as adviser, instead of imparting knowledge, they would (13) the available information. The basic skills such as reading, writing and mathematics should not be overlooked. These may be 13 when possible. Many of these students will at some point enter the public system. It is 14 , to remain at or above the grade level of their peers so that they will not be 15 . The debate over home schooling versus public schooling is still prevailing and many questions have 16 . Will this marginal model of schooling replace traditional schools and 17 ? How are home schoolers assessed? Are home schooling children 18 the social benefits of being in a large classroom? As with any debatable issue, the answers to these questions are neither 19 .

填空题 We are all familiar with aspirin. It is a common household remedy which {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}. But few people are aware of just how fascinating the subject of aspirin actually is. The {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}of this wonderful drug is found in several plants, and five thousand years ago physicians {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}were using an extract from the bark of the willow as a cure for {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. But it was to be many centuries before the scientific basis of this medication was understood. Then, in {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}, an Englishman, Edward Stone, accidentally rediscovered the medicinal properties of {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}, although he mistakenly attributed its efficacy to its bitter taste and {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}another drug, quinine. Later on, in 1829, a pharmacist {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, salicylic acid. Unfortunately, the chemical has several undesirable side effects, the most serious of which is that it can {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}. However, at {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, a chemist working for Friedrich Bayer, {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}, found a way of combining salicylic acid with an acetyl group. A few years later, Bayer {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and for the next seventy years it was regarded as {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Curiously, during all that time, hardly any research was done into the way aspirin works. Then, {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}, groundbreaking findings were published that showed how aspirin slows down swelling and the coagulation of the blood. This means it also dramatically {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}. As you can imagine, this was exciting news. Further research showed that {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}at risk from a heart attack will not have one if they take aspirin regularly. Although that sounds too good to be true, most doctors now accept that aspirin really does {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}. More controversially, some scientists believe that nearly everyone {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}would benefit from taking aspirin regularly as a preventative measure. Now it seems that the active ingredients of aspirin can also be found in many {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and regular consumption of such foods might be {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}a day.

填空题 Today's topic is an archaeological find. This recent archaeological find was really the most astonishing {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}! You see, while we know quite a lot about Roman Britain, {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}is known about the era before that, when various tribes inhabited different parts of the country. And then, {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}, builders excavating the foundations for {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}in Yorkshire unearthed a limestone chamber with the remains of a chariot from that period! The chariot is {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}and from it we can deduce quite a lot about {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}. First of all, we know the chariot was {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}. It contained the skeleton of a man aged {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and this suggests that the chariot served a ceremonial, {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The hypothesis was borne out when it was discovered that it did not have matching wheels, so it could not have {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The chamber also contained the bones of over 250 cattle, and {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}can only be explained if the person interred in the chariot {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}, a tribal leader, in fact. Secondly, burials like this indicate a belief that in the afterlife a person would have {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Such beliefs were by no means confined to ancient Britain, of course; one immediately thinks of {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}. So in view of the similarities, we wonder if there {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}between Egypt and pre-Roman Britain. Thirdly, we know from other sites that chariot burial was practised by a tribe known as the Parisii. These people had {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}from France, and it is not inconceivable that they were in communication with {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Unfortunately, the authorities have decided that work on the motorway {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}, which means we are working nonstop in an effort to excavate as much of the surrounding area as we can {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}. We're hoping that a place for the chariot will be found at the British Museum, if we can succeed in the very tricky task of lifting {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}.

填空题News can be something the authorities want you to know, or something they would rather keep secret: an announcement of a {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}, denial of a failure, or a secret scandal that nobody really wants you to {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}} . If the authorities want to tell the world some good news, they issue statements, communiques, and call {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}. Or politicians make speeches. Local newspapers, radio and television help to {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}to what is going on. And by making contacts with {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}, journalists can ask for more information or explanations to help them {{U}}{{U}} 6 {{/U}}{{/U}}. Unless the correspondent is an {{U}}{{U}} 7 {{/U}}{{/U}}, it is rare to trust any single source. Officials have a policy to defend, and {{U}}{{U}} 8 {{/U}}{{/U}}want to attack it. Rumor and gossip can also confuse the situation. So, you have to {{U}}{{U}} 9 {{/U}}{{/U}}as much as possible, using common sense and experience as final checks to help establish just what's likely to be the truth, or {{U}}{{U}} 10 {{/U}}{{/U}}. Just getting the news is only half the job. A correspondent may be well-informed, but his job is to {{U}}{{U}} 11 {{/U}}{{/U}}, the public. So, once the information is available it has to be written {{U}}{{U}} 12 {{/U}}{{/U}}which is also easily understood. Particularly for radio, since, while a newspaper reader can turn back and reread a sentence or two, the radio listener has {{U}}{{U}} 13 {{/U}}{{/U}}. This also means that only a limited number of facts can be contained in a sentence and that there should be an {{U}}{{U}} 14 {{/U}}{{/U}}. And vital information necessary to understand the latest development should be presented {{U}}{{U}} 15 {{/U}}{{/U}}in ease the producer of a news program decides to {{U}}{{U}} 16 {{/U}}{{/U}}an item, by cutting for example the last sentence or two. Finally, the style of presentation must {{U}}{{U}} 17 {{/U}}{{/U}}. A cheerful voice might be perfect for a {{U}}{{U}} 18 {{/U}}{{/U}}. But it would be sadly out of place for a report of a {{U}}{{U}} 19 {{/U}}{{/U}}. And this would also confuse and distract the listener, probably {{U}}{{U}} 20 {{/U}}{{/U}}just what had happened and to whom.

填空题Think golf is 1 game? Think again. Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain activation in golfers. Their conclusion: the better the golfer, the 2 he shows in the seconds before he 3 . Crews, a 4 who studies putting, has found that a 5 between amateurs and professionals lies in the 6 , the seat of logic, analysis, 7 and the kinds of thoughts. Professionals, once 8 how to make a shot, follow an 9 that renders conscious thought unnecessary. When Milton asked some LPGA golfers what they thought about just before 10 , they answered: nothing. He 11 a half-dozen pros and an equal number of amateurs and had them imagine making a specific shot while 12 in a functional MRI machine. The amateurs showed far more total brain activation 13 of the brain. In particular, amateurs activated the basal ganglia—involved in learning motor functions—and the basal forebrain and amygdale, responsible for, 14 , emotions. Some of his 15 worried about hitting the ball into the water, which was curious, because he hadn"t even 16 in describing the imaginary shot to them. Milton is trying to 17 to stroke and other rehabilitation patients who have to 18 like walking; he recommends putting more 19 and improving mental focus. In many 20 , it seems, half the game really is 90 percent mental.

填空题People who do not get enough sleep are more than 1 of heart disease, Although the reasons are unclear, 2 said lack of sleep appeared to be linked to increased blood pressure, which is known to 3 heart attacks and stroke. A 17-year analysis of 10,000 4 showed those who cut their sleep from 5 to five or less faced a 1.7-fold increased risk of death from all causes and more than 6 the risk of cardiovascular death. "A third of the population of the U.K. and over 7 regularly sleep less than five hours a night, so it is not 8 ," Previous research has highlighted the potential health risks of shift work and 9 . But the study by Cappuccio 10 , which was supported by British government and U.S. funding, 11 to link duration of sleep and mortality rates. The study 12 sleep patterns of participants aged 35-55 at two points in their lives— 13 and 1992-1993—and then tracked their mortality rates 14 . The results 15 take account of other possible risk factors such as initial age, sex, smoking and alcohol 16 , body mass index, blood pressure and cholesterol. Cappuccio said 17 longer sleeping could be related to other health problems such as depression or 18 . "In terms of prevention, our findings indicate that 19 sleeping around seven hours per night is optimal 20 ," he said.

填空题 In mediaeval times, the region that led the world in technological{{U}} (1) {{/U}}was China.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}, Europe north and west of the Alps was a backwater that had invented nothing{{U}} (3) {{/U}}except for improved watermills. How did China{{U}} (4) {{/U}}in science and technology to Europe? Two papers by Graeme Lang, rich with broad implications, address this paradox{{U}} (5) {{/U}}structural or ultimate causation. Lang begins by pointing out that{{U}} (6) {{/U}}scientific inquiry in Europe developed within a{{U}} (7) {{/U}}European institution: autonomous universities where critical inquiry was relatively{{U}} (8) {{/U}}by governmental or religious authority. Between A. D. 1450 and 1650, 90% of Europeans now considered to be{{U}} (9) {{/U}}to science receiver university educations, and half of them held career posts at universities. There was{{U}} (10) {{/U}}in China. Why not? Historical causation is like an onion, whose concentric layers must be peeled back{{U}} (11) {{/U}}to reveal the ultimate causes at the center. Lang sees the autonomous universities on the onion's outer skin{{U}} (13) {{/U}}springing from an underlying layer of European political fragmentation. Mediaeval Europe was still divided into a thousand independent statelets, whereas China was already unified in 221 B.C. So it proved impossible to suppress critical thinking for long in Europe: a thinker{{U}} (14) {{/U}}in one statelet could (and often did) merely walk into the next. To take just one example, the astronomer Johann Kepler was always able to{{U}} (15) {{/U}}the authorities by moving away. Technological innovations were as hard to suppress in Europe as was scientific inquiry. Competition between statelets provided a positive{{U}} (16) {{/U}}for them to adopt innovations that might yield military or economic advantages{{U}} (17) {{/U}}. (One such beneficiary was Christopher Columbus, whose schemes for ocean exploration were rebuffed in five states before he received backing from the sixth, Spain. ){{U}} (18) {{/U}}, China's unity meant that the decision of a single emperor could{{U}} (19) {{/U}}over the whole of China—the demise of China's clocks,{{U}} (20) {{/U}}fleets and water powered spinning machines being only the most flagrant instances.

填空题When it came to the mobile phone, the Fins were quick off the mark. A large country with a small savvy population is (1) . They sprinted far ahead of the Americans in developing a digital system which became (2) . But it's difficult to associate Fins with any instrument (3) . The average Fin speaks (4) and uses none of them. But Finnish kids have, and they are the vanguard of the (5) . Before they know how to read they roam the cities like nomadic tribes always in touch, always (6) . Almost a hundred percent of Finnish 18-year-olds have (7) . It's become such a problem in high schools that (8) are demanding metal detectors at the gates. Remember when jeans and Walkmen were (9) ? Today, it's your very own personalized ringing tone. Ringing tones that you download (10) . A fashion statement (11) your watch. Finland is the first country in the world to have more mobile phones than (12) . And the phone booth? It's off the Sutheby's with the other (13) . But the young leaders of the revolution now use the mobile phone less for talking than for sending (14) . The Fins are doing this so much that last Christmas both (15) crashed. But all this is just the tip of a Finnish iceberg. The mobile phone (16) that little Finnish hand. The way things are going Fins won't need to carry money or credit cards much longer. Already you can buy a drink or snack (17) . A car wash too. (18) a number and the suds and the brushes start (19) . And when you've driven to the driving range in (20) , all you need is to whip our your phone again and buy your balls.

填空题 Intelligence was believed to be a fix {{U}}(1) {{/U}}, some ability of the mind which {{U}}(2) {{/U}} in some way how much we can {{U}}(3) {{/U}}. In the past, {{U}}(4) {{/U}} tests could be used for {{U}}(5) {{/U}} children according to ability. Today, we start to think {{U}}(6) {{/U}}. There is considerable {{U}}(7) {{/U}} now which shows the great influence of {{U}}(8) {{/U}} both on achievement and intelligence. People also start to believe the view that we have to {{U}}(9) {{/U}} between {{U}}(10) {{/U}} intelligence and {{U}}(11) {{/U}} intelligence. Instead of observing and {{U}}(12) {{/U}} natural intelligence, we can check the effects of the {{U}}(13) {{/U}} of whatever is inherited with whatever {{U}}(14) {{/U}} has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigating what happens in the {{U}}(15) {{/U}}. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greater part of the development of intelligence occurs in the {{U}}(16) {{/U}} years of life. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are {{U}}(17) {{/U}} and {{U}}(18) {{/U}} aspects of the parent-child relationship. We now see intelligence as a set of {{U}}(19) {{/U}} skills with which a person copes with any environment. Today, the idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is {{U}}(20) {{/U}} by more and more people.

填空题Good afternoon, everybody. I"m pleased to be here with you, graduates of 2007. I"m a 1 , and students often approach me with 2 . You see, we are living in a society of great changes. With the presence of 3 , the process of getting a job in today"s world has changed for 4 . Well, how can you use new technologies to help you7 First, let"s look at how you 5 . The traditional method of hunting for a job in the past required first, doing research on jobs that were 6 , typically by looking in newspapers, periodicals and magazines, as well as TV ads, and 7 . Then you decided where and for what post you were going to apply, put your resume 8 in a stamped envelope, and waited anxiously for someone to 9 . Well, today, maybe the job search and 10 are very much the same, but the tools used are much more advanced, and they 11 . In fact, technology has not so much changed the process as enhanced it. The benefit, both for 12 , is that this makes the search more open to people of 13 from all over the world. But as more people are involved, it becomes 14 for the applicant than it ever was before. The 15 for the working world today is learning these new and 16 and combining them with the older methods people have been using for years. For example, 17 , you can research employment not just in your city, but also in your state, your country, and 18 . You can copy information from a web page and paste it into a Microsoft Word document that"s easy to 19 . In many ways, it"s easier now. Just type your job application, click, and 20 ; it gets there in an instant.

填空题 Many privacy-protection Web sites work by inserting themselves as{{U}} (1) {{/U}}and masking the Internet addresses of users' computers. If a user in a country with{{U}} (2) {{/U}}goes to a privacy-protection site, that site becomes a shell that can be used to explore the Web. If the user types in the address of{{U}} (3) {{/U}}, the government will see the user's destination as the privacy-protection site that is the intermediary. So while a user{{U}} (4) {{/U}}at the Safe Web site, for example, the site has an embedded frame that gives{{U}} (5) {{/U}}. But when governments are alerted, they can{{U}} (6) {{/U}}the privacy-protection sites. In March, for example,{{U}} (7) {{/U}}a number of such sites, including Safe Web. Anonymizer combats such controls by changing{{U}} (8) {{/U}}and cycling through domain every few months. (Its users{{U}} (9) {{/U}}telling them the new names and addresses. ) "The names are{{U}} (10) {{/U}}and not suspicious," said Mr. Cottrell, Anonymizer's president. "{{U}} (11) {{/U}}is that they are not very fast. When we{{U}} (12) {{/U}}, it takes them a long time to block. " But the governments{{U}} (13) {{/U}}catch up, so privacy-protection companies must develop{{U}} (14) {{/U}}to bypass the blocking technology. To control Web access, governments need to collect{{U}} (15) {{/U}}. To Counter the governments, privacy- protection service must{{U}} (16) {{/U}}. In March, Safe Web{{U}} (17) {{/U}}by releasing Triangle Boy software. With Triangle Boy, Mr. Hsu devised a system in which users around the world can{{U}} (18) {{/U}}that allows their computers—and their Internet protocol addresses—to be used as conduits for sites that would{{U}} (19) {{/U}}. Triangle Boy presents a problem for blocking programs, which have to try to{{U}} (20) {{/U}}because the information is no longer stored on central servers.