摘要
传统中国的乡土社会以家族主义为核心,社区组织是一种辅助性的结构,仅为补充家族组织之不足而出现。现代国家政权建设试图改变这一传统社会格局,改变了城市社会的原有结构,通过改造和重组原有的城市社团组织、瓦解和重构城市基层社区组织,建立起高度统一的"单位制+街居制"的城市管理体制,并在人们的心态秩序上建立起社会主义新传统。本研究所观察的当代城市社区组织就在这样一种背景中重新生长起来。在西街观察到的三个较为典型的社区组织,一是中国所特有的、遍及中国各个城市、由国家建构的社区居民组织,一是以研究推广本民族文化、凝聚本区域族胞为己任的民族社团,一是致力于社区公益、扶贫助弱的草根青年志愿者团体。草根公益型社区组织的出现或许更能体现城市社会的精神气质。而三种社区组织在人员结合、日常实践、观念认同等方面均表现出一定的国家性和社会性。一方面,这正是城市中的大、小传统在社区组织中的表现;另一方面,由团体生活带来的个体性以及由家族主义传统延续而来的家庭意识亦同时存在于城市居民的生活和观念当中,构成某种富有中国特色的都市性。
At present,there are few urban anthropological studies on urban communities and residents in China. The observation is concentrated on the community organizations in one of the oldest street area in Guangzhou,which is intended to explore the characteristics of urban social agencies and their relationship with the nation. The relationship between the big traditions and the small traditions,while paying attention to the urbanity as a way of life and urban spirit in the life practice of Chinese urban residents. Traditional Chinese rural society is centered on familism,and community organization is a kind of auxiliary structure,which only appears to supplement the lack of family organization. The construction of modern state power tries to change this traditional social structure,especially since the new Chinese regime since 1949 has completely subverted the original structure of urban society,through the transformation and restructuration of the original urban associations,disintegration and reconstruction of urban grassroots community organizations.Establish a highly unified urban management system of "unit system + street residence system "and establish a certain "new socialist tradition"in people’s mental order. The contemporary urban community organizations observed in this study have re-emerged in such a background.Three more typical community organizations were observed in West Street. One is a community-based organization organized by the state that is unique to China and spreads across China. The first is to study and promote the culture of the nation and to unite the ethnic groups in the region. The national associations are the grassroots youth volunteer groups dedicated to community welfare and poverty alleviation. The emergence of grassroots public welfare community organizations can better reflect the spiritual temperament of urban society. First,through the observation of the daily practice of the most important and most ambiguous organization in the current Chinese urban community of the Community Residents Committee,it points out the nationality created by the "double agent "status of the country and society. National performance in the demarcation of scale and jurisdiction,personnel management,nationalization of funds and main functions,subject to national bureaucracy and pressure system;social performance in its operation mode of fuzzy management, intermediation mediation, discourse transformation. Second through a national association in the West Street,the Guangzhou Manchu Historical and Cultural Research Association,on the one hand,learned about the changes and changes of the Guangzhou Manchu in the history of more than 250 years of coming to Guangdong,and reconstructing itself under the support of the new Chinese regime. On the other hand,particular attention is paid to the interaction and high mutual recognition of Manchu communities and the state in this process,and the role of the leading elites in it. Third,it provides a case of grassroots civil nonprofit organizations that was established in 2000 and transformed from college student volunteer groups. Point out its more thorough sociality, including low-cost maintenance, non-layer-level operations, Internet-based linkages, and the concept of focusing on community public welfare and the practice of helping the poor. At the same time,by discussing the nature of conflicts with other community volunteer groups,we explore the social choices of community organizations and the strong need for national identity. The three community organizations have shown certain nationality and sociality in terms of personnel integration,daily practice,and concept identification. This is the performance of the big and small traditions in the community in community organizations.On the other hand,the individuality brought about by group life and the family consciousness that continues from the family tradition also exist in the life and concept of urban residents,which constitutes a kind of urbanity with Chinese characteristics.We discuss the applicability of traditional anthropological research methods in urban research,including the boundaries of urban communities and community organizations,the selection of special objects or ordinary objects,the specific process of field observation,and some new methods such as multisite and multi-modality. Field selection, dialogue and multi-phone mode attempts. What was observed in Guangzhou West Street was a "social society in the organization ". First,the current community organizations in Chinese cities are in the process of slow formation and re-grow th. Compared with self-help, welfare and religious volunteer groups, grassroots public welfare volunteer organizations can better reflect the spiritual temperament of urban society. Second, a manifestation of the big and small traditions in contemporary Chinese cities is the state of coexistence and mutual integration of state and society. In a sense,this is also an aspect of the new socialist tradition. In urban society,one aspect of this new tradition is the presence of ubiquitous,lingering countries or the influence of government policies and decrees. I call it the great tradition of the city. It is reflected in the characteristics of community organizations is the national nature of community organizations,that is,the current urban community organizations in China are heavily dependent on the resources recognized and controlled by the state in the process of creation,operation and development. The social nature of urban community organizations is a small tradition in the city. It refers to the grassroots and folk nature of community organizations in their own composition. Some social logic inherent in the way of operation( such as following social needs,respecting traditional concepts,etc.) Based on this,it succumbs and sometimes subtly transforms between the intentional and unintentional rigid requirements of the country’s regularity, show ing the diversity,richness,tolerance and resilience of the grassroots society. Third,organizations and groups drive personal aw areness and status to create individuality;but family traditions have not disappeared,but their ways of expression have changed. In a nutshell,Chinese urban society has its own development logic and tradition. As far as the current situation is concerned,the power of society is still weak,and the road of self-organization is still very long. In this sense,I call it "in the organization"of the organizing society.The above is the West Street society that I have observed,although it is still in the "organization"of the ongoing tense,although its own resilience and potential are often even ignored by myself( I will hear all kinds in the early days of the field.) Such complaints and helpless words have been very confused and anxious. How ever, it does have the unique experiences,traditions,and traits of urban society. At the same time,it shares some of the broader and longer-standing Chinese experiences with rural societies,such as family traditions,such as the separation of countries and societies that have never been separated. All of these together constitute a certain urbanity with Chinese characteristics. In this global demand for improving state-society relations,the state needs to believe in the power and logic of society,open up and transfer more powers and resources,communicate with the society with more equal consciousness,or even humble. The attitude of the society to learn from the society;and the social side should also consciously strengthen its own research and care,reflection and action,on this basis,build a clear and peace and confidence and make their own voice. There is reason to believe that,following its own logic and tradition,contemporary Chinese society is moving towards its own future with its own unique family traditions,organizational traditions and their combinations.
出处
《政治人类学评论》
2019年第1期1-47,270-274,326,共53页
Political Anthropology Review
关键词
社区组织
大传统-小传统
国家性
社会性
Community Organization
Great and Little Tradition
Statism
Sociality
