摘要
马铃薯属茄科一年生草本植物,是当今世界五大作物(其余四种为稻、麦、玉米、燕麦)之一。马铃薯作为高产且环境适应性极强的粮菜兼用型作物,随着15世纪以来地理大发现与新航路开辟由美洲传播到世界各地,马铃薯最初由哥伦布带出美洲大陆,经西班牙、葡萄牙传入意大利和欧洲其他地区,再传入亚洲各国,逐渐成为欧亚大陆贫富民都极为热爱的食材之一种,极大地改写了世界历史发展进程。马铃薯最初于明代传入中国后开始在全国范围内广泛传播引种,对明清时期中国农业发展产生了深远历史影响。由于马铃薯生长周期较短、环境适应性较强等生物特性,能够适应较高海拔或较高纬度地区凉冷的农业生产环境,极大地提高了土地利用率与农业产出。近代以来(自清后期开始),随着移民及土地开垦的持续深入,马铃薯在内蒙古地区被广泛传播引种,并迅速融入当地社会生产与生活之中,成为当地社会尤其是基层社会日常生活中所不可或缺的重要食材之一种。马铃薯广泛种植与食用产生了深远影响,对于灾荒救济与养活更多人口的意义重大,同时也对当地饮食习惯、社会风俗及农业生产等都产生了重要影响,成为近代以来内蒙古地区人类社会历史发展诸影响因素中极为重要的一个方面,甚至后来者居上,与莜麦、羊皮袄同被列为内蒙古出产的三宗宝之一。在当前新型冠状病毒引发的疫情常态化背景下,中国乃至全世界范围内的各大粮食出产区都不同程度受到影响,粮食问题逐渐引起全社会的普遍关注,推广马铃薯种植与食用可以在短期内获取更多食物以确保粮食安全与社会稳定,无疑具有重要的现实意义,值得借鉴。
Potato,as the annual herb in the family of Solanaceae,is one of the five major crops in the world today with the other being rice,wheat,corn and oats.The earliest wild species of potato appeared in the Mount Andes region,about 14,000 years ago.But the evolution from wild to cultivated species only occurred from 5,000 to 2,000 BC.Potatoes as highly productive and environmentally adaptable food and vegetable crops spread around the world with the geographical discovery and launching of the new marine routes since the 15 th century.Potato was originally brought out of the Americas by Columbus through Spain,Portugal to Italy and the rest of Europe.It further spread to Asia and gradually became a food ingredient deeply loved by the rich and poor in the Eurasia.Potato was initially spread into China in the Ming Dynasty and introduced to other parts of the country which caused a profound historical impact on the development of Chinese agriculture in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Due to the short growth period and strong environmental adaptability,potatoes can adapt to the cold agricultural production environment in higher altitude or higher latitudes and greatly improve the land utilization rate and agricultural output.Since modern times(since the late Qing Dynasty),with the continuous immigration and land reclamation,potato has been widely spread in Inner Mongolia and quickly integrated into the local social production and life,becoming an indispensable and important food material in the daily life of the local society,especially the grass-roots society.The extensive planting and consumption of potatoes has a profound historical significance for disaster relief and providing food for more people.At the same time,it has also had an important influence on the local eating habits,social customs and agricultural production,which has become an extremely important aspect of the factors affecting the development of human social history in modern Inner Mongolia.Even further,it is regarded as one of the three major special treasures in Inner Mongolia along with oats and sheepskin coat.Under the background of the current Covid-19 pandemic,major grain producing areas in China and even the world have been affected to varying degrees.Food problems have gradually attracted widespread social attention.The promotion of potato planting and consumption can obtain more food in the short term to ensure food security and social stability,which is undoubtedly of great practical significance.
作者
崔思朋
CUI Si-peng(Department of History,School of Humanities,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)
出处
《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第1期130-144,共15页
Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历史农业地理研究与地图绘制”(项目编号:13&ZD082)的阶段性成果
关键词
近代以来
内蒙古地区
马铃薯
传播引种
历史影响
疫情时代
现实意义
since modern times
Inner Mongolia area
potato
spread and introduction
historical impact
pandemic era
realistic significance
