摘要
"大一统"是中国古代政治的重要特征。"大一统"国家形态的形成,是多重因素共同形塑的结果,其中编户齐民制度发挥着至关重要的作用。编户齐民起源于春秋战国时期的诸侯争霸,其基本动力来自国家间竞争的加剧,目的在于富国强兵。随着秦始皇统一六国,编户齐民在全国范围内予以推行,并在汉代趋于定型。编户齐民对于"大一统"国家形态的作用机理主要体现在两个方面:一是通过"分家立户",国家政权得以直接掌握国家人口,显著提升了国家获取赋役的能力,奠定了"大一统"的经济和军事基础。二是通过"户"及其相应的组织建制,王朝国家建立起了有效的纵向控制体系,加上家户单位的自主性治理,使得国家对社会基层的治理效能大为提升。然而,编户齐民也有其内在局限。由于建立了家户与国家的直接联系,个体家户对于国家施政的敏感性显著增加。一旦出现苛政,家户由于天然的脆弱性以及难以获得有效的社会保护,极易出现普遍性的家户破产,由此带来"大一统"国家的周期性裂变。
“Great Unification”is an important feature of ancient Chinese politics.The formation of“Great Unification”state is the result of multiple factors,in which the system of household register management(Bian Hu Qi Min)plays an important role.The origin of Bian Hu Qi Min was the competition for hegemony between the princes in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.Its basic motive force came from the intensification of competition between countries,and its purpose was to enrich the country and strengthen the army.The mechanism of the role played by Bian Hu Qi Min in the“Great Unification”state is mainly reflected in two aspects.First,by“separating families and establishing households”,the state power can directly control the population of the country,significantly improve the ability of the country to obtain taxes and servitudes.Second,through the“household”and its corresponding organizational system,the dynastic state established an effective vertical control system.However,there are also some inherent limitations.Due to the establishment of direct links between households and the state,the sensitivity of individual households to national governance has increased significantly.Once there is tyranny,it is very easy for households to go bankrupt,which will lead to the periodic fission of the“Great Unification”country.
出处
《中国政治学》
2021年第1期125-138,161,共15页
CHINESE POLITICAL SCIENCE
基金
国家社科基金一般项目“国家治理视域中的农村家户治理形态演变及其政策匹配研究”(项目编号:19BZZ068)
霍英东教育基金会高等院校青年教师基金(171083)的阶段性成果之一
关键词
编户齐民
“大一统”
国家形态
家户
Bian Hu Qi Min
“Great Unification”
State Form
Household
