摘要
特朗普总统任期内,美国假新闻话语和新闻党派主义对媒体生态、国家政治乃至国际传播与治理造成持续性破坏。本文分析美国新闻界信任危机的根源,及政府、媒体、平台、受众等各层面重建新闻界声誉的举措。政府的监管和立法主要针对来自境外的政治宣传和虚假账户;主流媒体通过加强事实核查新闻重申准确和公正等新闻业古老的价值标准;数字平台公司通过账户管理和内容审查规避有害内容但同时陷入妨碍自由言论的困境;媒介素养被视为市场监管失灵时的个人主义解决方案却难以实现。现有措施有将主要矛盾"外部化"和"他者化"之嫌,即将新闻界自身的失职归咎于来自社交媒体的假新闻的挑战,将美国的民主政治危机"甩锅"为他国干涉的阴谋论问题。文章还指出,需正视新闻"守门人"制度的失灵,以及公共传播领域的商业化和私有化等这些根本性挑战。
During the Trump administration,media partisanism and the discourse of“fake news”in the United States caused continuous damage to media ecology,national politics,and international communication and governance.This article analyzes the root causes of the crisis of confidence in the American press and the measures taken by governments,media,platforms,audiences,etc.,in rebuilding its credibility.Government-level supervision and legislation mainly target political propaganda and fake accounts from abroad;mainstream media resorts to fact-checking news and reiterates the ancient values of journalism such as accuracy and fairness;digital platform companies use account management and content review to avoid harmful content but at the same time may hinder free speech;media literacy is regarded as an individualistic solution when market supervision fails and is difficult to achieve.Existing measures are in danger of“externalizing”and“othering”the main problems.Fake news on social media is blamed for the dereliction of the press;and interference of foreign countries are made responsible for problems resulting from the crisis of democracy in the US.It is suggested that it is necessary to face up to the fundamental problems,such as the failure of the news gatekeeping system,and the commercialization and privatization of the public communication sphere.
出处
《中国新闻传播研究》
2021年第5期153-170,共18页
China Journalism and Communication Journal
基金
2019年国家社科基金项目“媒体融合环境下我国青少年网络素养与价值观引导研究”(203/19BXW087)
2020年教育部人文社会科学一般项目“1949—2019年《纽约时报》头版涉华报道的国家形象生成与话语传播机制研究”(20YJA860013)的阶段性成果
关键词
新闻客观性
假新闻
党派新闻
社交媒体
媒介素养
news objectivity
fake news
partisan journalism
social media
media literacy
