摘要
中国在计划经济时期农村教育和医疗的大规模普及一直受到国内外学者和国际组织的关注。本文利用个体和地区层面的数据实证考察了计划经济时期地方分权对教育医疗扩张的影响。我们发现,1965年之后中央宣布教育医疗资源向农村倾斜是一个重要的转折点,但其对农村教育和医疗状况的改善作用借助了地方分权的传导和放大机制。估计结果显示,1965年之后,如果一个地区的公共支出分权从低分位组提高到高分位组,其影响可以解释这两组1965—1976年所对应的农村初中教育提升的23%。但在1965年之前,地方分权对于农村教育医疗普及性的影响总体上却是负面的。我们进一步区分了公共支出分权与经济分权的不同效应。经济分权对地方公共支出既有"挤出效应",体现在经济分权程度越高,地方公共支出在总预算的比例就越低;也有"溢出效应",即经济分权通过促进地方工业的兴起和财源增加改善了地方政府的预算状况,从而提高了地方人均公共支出水平。本文的实证分析对于理解改革开放前30年和后30年之间的内在关联具有重要的启发意义。
The remarkable universalization of secondary education and healthcare in rural areas during China’s planned economy has attracted a lot of attention among scholars and international organizations.This paper empirically examines the role of regional decentralization in promoting the access of secondary education and healthcare facilities in rural areas.We find that while the central-level policy shifts favoring rural areas in 1965 is a critical turnaround,the positive effects of these rurally-favored policies on educational and healthcare expansion in rural areas are significantly amplified by regional decentralization.Our estimates show that after 1965,if a region moves up in decentralization of public services from the lowest quartile to the highest quartile,its effect can explain about 23%of the improvement in junior high school enrollment between these two quartile groups during 1965—1976.Interestingly,the effects of regional decentralization in public services on rural school enrollment and health facility access were largely negative prior to1965.We distinguish the effects of regional decentralization in public services and economic development.We find that regional economic decentralization tends to crowd out public services in terms of reducing the proportions of public service expenditures in the total regional budget,but also contributes to enhancing educational and healthcare access in rural areas by boosting local industries and increasing the size of fiscal resources.Our study sheds new light on the linkage between previous-30 years during the planned economy and later-30 years during the reform era.
作者
白惠天
周黎安
Huitian Bai;Li-an Zhou(Guanghua School of Management,Peking University)
出处
《经济学报》
CSSCI
2020年第1期1-37,共37页
China Journal of Economics
基金
数量经济与数理金融教育部重点实验室(北京大学)的资助