摘要
本文对汉语主语形式语体对立的语言事实、原理、机制进行了讨论。本文发现,有生命名词主语与无生命名词主语、第三人称代词复指主语与复现NP主语、非语境省略下的零形主语与非零形主语、语境省略下的零形主语与非零形主语四类对立主语形式构成语体对立。其原理是主语位置具有构建其与话语时空远近距离的机能,其远近距离的实现取决于话主与客体的心理距离的远近。话主与主语所言人/物的心理距离近,则话主与话语时空构成近距,有拉近交际距离的功效;反之亦然。这一语体语法机制可称为"言者语法时空律",其实质是以时空性将表达言者的意图语距化,为"意"体原子的一种类型,不仅在汉语中普遍存在,在英语中也有共通性。本文进一步提出"事件时空律"和"言者时空律"为"语法时空别体律(时体原子)"的两大基本类型,二者各具独立的句法域和运作方式,其共同原理是心理距离与交际距离的对应。
This paper discusses the linguistic facts,principle and mechanism of the register-stylistic function of various subject forms in Chinese.There are four kinds of opposite subject forms that show register-stylistic opposition:subject of animate noun vs.subject of inanimate noun,subject of third person pronoun vs.repeated NP subject,zero subject vs.non-zero subject in non-contextualized ellipsis,and zero subject vs.non-zero subject in contextualized ellipsis.The underlying principle is that the subject position has the function of constructing its spatiotemporal distance from the discourse,and the realization of the distance depends on the psychological distance between the speaker and the object.This stylistic-grammatical mechanism can be called“speaker spatiotemporal theorem”.In essence it is a way that changes intention into register-distance through the spatiotemporal theorem,a type of“intention”register-atom.It is not only commonly seen in Chinese,but also attested in English.On the basis of the existing research,this paper further proposes that the“event spatiotemporal theorem”and the“speaker spatiotemporal theorem”are two basic types of the spatiotemporal theorem(or spatiotemporal register-atoms).They have independent syntactic domain and operation mode,but they share the common principle:the correspondence between psychological distance and communicative distance.
出处
《世界汉语教学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第4期494-508,共15页
Chinese Teaching in the World
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究项目“吕叔湘韵律语法研究”(19YJA740058)的重要成果
关键词
主语形式
语体语法
话语时空
心理距离
交际距离
言者语法时空律
subject form
register-stylistic grammar
discourse space-time
psychological distance
register-distance
speaker spatiotemporal theorem
