摘要
在中国古代民生事业中,以工代赈是一种较为特殊的救助模式。从"国与民""富与贫""税与惠""惰与业"四个维度可以明晰中华传统民生思想中以工代赈救助理念的民生意指及其局限性。首先,古代最高统治者为了缓和社会矛盾,愿意利用民生手段救济因灾因难而陷入困境中的人,但其只会被动地采用以工代赈等民生举措。其次,由于缺乏实现共同富裕的生产条件,古代统治者只救急而不救穷,因此实施的以工代赈不以让民众实现富裕为目标。再次,古代统治者在向民众征收税负时,肩负着反向给予恩惠的道义责任,让民生措施有了财政保障,而用工方向合理与否决定着以工代赈救助措施相对成效的高低。最后,以工代赈能够避免直接转移支付诱使民众放弃劳动的懒惰倾向,但古代散乱的用工方式使之难以培养劳动者的专业技能,无法让受助对象通过以工代赈寻找到适合职业。中华传统民生思想中以工代赈救助理念的积极意义,对于当代中国所实施的以工代赈救助措施依然具有借鉴价值。此外,政策制定者全心全意为人民谋利益、努力带领民众走向共同富裕、强调公共财政模式下的支出绩效以及重视技能培养的用工模式等,让传承下来的以工代赈救助理念在当代中国具有更深刻的民生意义与更广阔的发挥空间。
In the practice of people’s livelihood in ancient China,work for relief is a special model for assistance.This paper clarifies the meaning and limitations of the concept of“work for relief”in Chinese traditional people’s livelihood thought from the four dimensions of“country and people”,“wealth and poverty”,“tax and benefit”and“laziness and employment”.Firstly,in order to reduce social contradictions,the ancient supreme rulers were willing to use livelihood means to relieve people in disasters,but they would only passively adopt livelihood measures such as work for relief.Secondly,the ancient rulers only helped people with the emergency rather than the poor due to the lack of production conditions to achieve common prosperity.Therefore,the implementation of work for relief did not aim at making the people become rich.Thirdly,the ancient rulers were responsible for the moral responsibility of giving benefits to people when they obtained taxation.Hence,these livelihood measures had support from public finance,whether the employment direction was reasonable or not determined relative effectiveness from the way of work for relief.Finally,work for relief can avoid the lazy tendency from the direct transfer payment maybe encourage people to give up work.The scattered employment methods through work for relief were difficult to cultivate workers’professional skills effectively,thus,they were unable to find suitable jobs in ancient times.The positive significance of the concept of work for relief in Chinese traditional people’s livelihood thought still has reference value for the process of the measure is being implemented in contemporary China.In addition,the inherited concept of work for relief has a deeper meaning and broader space in the practice of the people’s livelihood in contemporary China,because policy makers work for the interests for the people wholeheartedly,strive to lead the people advance towards common prosperous,emphasize the expenditure performance under the public finance mode and the employment mode paying attention to skill training,etc.
作者
汤二子
Erzi Tang(School of Economics,Nanjing Audit University,Nanjing,China)
出处
《南大商学评论》
2021年第3期1-19,共19页
Nanjing Business Review
关键词
民生
以工代赈
社会救助
就业
财政
People’s Livelihood
Work for Relief
Social Assistance
Employment
Public Finance
