摘要
我国《行政处罚法》2021年首度全面修订的重大成果之一,是确立了行政处罚的过错归责原则。正确地理解和把握过错要件,对于金融监管处罚的立法设计和执法实践具有重要意义。依照公法上的责任主义原理,违法行为人的主观过错是其应受法律非难的不端心态,也是其应受行政处罚的独立要件。我国实定法中的过错条款,既采用过错推定模式,又容许例外归责事由。基于行政法治原理、金融市场规律、监管成本负荷等角度考量,金融监管处罚应以过错推定责任为基本原则,以其他归责事由为必要补充。在金融监管执法中正确适用过错条款,需注意下列问题:一是要遵循“归责-定性-量罚”的过错考察路径;二是要运用注意义务分析法、行业惯例比照法、成本收益测算法等过错判断方法;三是在金融违法双罚制下,应对金融机构及其自然人成员的过错状况和行政责任进行相对独立的认定。
One of the major achievements of the first comprehensive revision of China's Administrative Punishment Law in 2021 is the establishment of the principle of fault liability for administrative punishment.Correctly understanding and applying the fault element is of great significance for the legislative design and enforcement practices of financial regulatory punishment.According to the liability(culpability)doctrine in public law,the subjective fault of the violator is the wrong attitude to be condemned by the law and it is also an independent element to be subject to administrative punishment.The fault clause in Chinese law not only adopts the presumed-fault method,but also allows for the exceptional liability models.Based on the analysis of the principles of administrative law,financial market rules,and regulatory cost burden,financial regulatory punishment should take the presumed-fault liability as the basic principle,and other liability models as the necessary supplements.To ensure the correct application of the fault clause in financial regulatory enforcement,it is necessary to pay attention to the following issues:the first is to follow the path of"constitutive elements-illegal nature-punishment results"to examine the fault element;the second is to use methods such as the duty of care analysis,industry practice comparison,and cost-benefit calculation to judge the fault status;the third is to relatively independently identify the fault status and administrative liability of financial institutions and their individual members in the dual-punishment system of financial illegal activities.
出处
《金融监管研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第11期24-40,共17页
Financial Regulation Research
关键词
金融监管
行政处罚
主观过错
责任主义
双罚制
Financial Regulation
Administrative Punishment
Subjective Fault
Liability(culpability)Doctrine,Dual-Punishment System
