摘要
本文聚焦政府采购深度一体化议题,利用OECD投入产出表区分跨境政府采购与一般采购,并基于DESTA数据库对区域贸易协定(RTA)嵌入的政府采购条款进行文本量化,通过两阶段模型实证检验RTA条款承诺水平对跨境政府采购的影响。研究发现,RTA政府采购条款引致的跨境政府采购促进效应在不同协定-行业-国家对之间表现出强烈异质性。政府采购条款深度越高,缔约方制度保障体系越完善,越有利于跨境政府采购合作;政府货物采购在“硬性义务”模式下对条款深度的敏感程度较高,服务采购更易受“软性义务”模式的影响,体现出RTA缔约方的诉求差异;条款深度有利于削弱缔约方政府由于话语权、监管质量差异带来的非关税壁垒。根据分析结果,本文进一步对中国加入RCEP与CPTPP获得的政府采购效应进行政策模拟,重点体现在机械设备货物行业以及通信、公共管理等服务行业的跨境政府采购规模增长。本文结论为中国从国内国际双循环视角开放政府采购市场提供理论基础和经验依据。
In general,government procurement(GP),an important part of a country’s economy,accounts for about 15%of GDP internationally.The huge purchasing power has made GP,following commodities and services,become a significant way for countries to further open up the market.However,the GP scale of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement(GPA)members is limited,and there are obstacles to joining the GPA for most emerging economies.As a result,more and more regional trade agreements(RTAs)incorporate the in-depth issue of GP into the negotiation framework,which dominate the large-scale cooperation and competition in the international GP market.As for China,efforts have been made to fill the gaps in the field of GP,such as promoting institutional opening-up,enhancing cooperation among RCEP members,as well as benchmarking high-standard GP provisions of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP).Against the above background,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify how in-depth RTA affects cross-border GP.The main innovations of this paper are as follows.Firstly,we sort out the institutional background,evolution model and China’s paths of GP terms in RTAs.Secondly,considering RTA heterogeneity,we use a two-stage model for empirical analysis.In the first stage,we calculate the heterogeneity effect of GP provisions in different RTAs,thereby expanding to different industries and countries pairs within each RTA.This method can refine the heterogeneity dimension of GP provisions.In the second stage,the heterogeneity effect obtained in the first stage is used as the independent variable.We construct the depth index of GP provisions as the core dependent variable,and add some other relevant control variables such as capability of contractors,policy orientation and geographical factors to study the influencing factors of heterogeneity.Finally,we simulate the potential growth obtained by China’s participation in the high-standard RTA path in the post-epidemic era.It is found that the growth of cross-border GP by signing GP provisions shows obvious heterogeneity in multiple dimensions,including RTAs,industries,and country pairs.The level of GP commitment is one of the important factors.That is,the greater the depth of GP provisions,the better institutional systems will be,which leads to more opportunities for the procurement cooperation within RTAs.After that,GP in goods is more sensitive to the depth of provisions under the compulsory obligation mode,while that in services is more vulnerable to the unbinding obligation mode,which reflects the differences in the demands of RTA members.The mechanism test shows that the depth of GP provisions is helpful to weaken non-tariff barriers caused by the differences in discourse power and supervision quality of RTA members,thereby promoting cross-border GP cooperation.In addition,policy simulation suggests that GP growth of China’s entry into the CPTPP is higher than that of the enforcement of the RCEP,which mainly embodied in cooperation between China and Japan,as well as cooperation in machinery equipment industry.Based on the above conclusions,two possible ways for China’s GP development are discussed.One is to promote the GPA negotiation and deploy GP under the RTA framework at the international level.The other is to clarify the regulations for state-owned enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in GP activities in the key fields of international GP regulations,and formulate GP integrity and performance mechanisms at the domestic level,so as to improve China’s image in the international GP market.The possible marginal contributions are reflected in the following three aspects.Firstly,we use the year-industry-country pair GP data of the 2018 OECD Input-Output Tables,refining the dimension of GP data.Secondly,on the basis of RTA heterogeneity assumption,we focus on the heterogeneity effect of GP provisions in the dimension of RTA-industries-country pairs,and the influencing factors of heterogeneity.In the meantime,existing literature directly identifying GP provisions with 0 or 1 cannot show the GP’s essential feature so that we construct the depth index of GP provisions in the empirical analysis.Thirdly,we simulate the potential procurement growth brought by China’s paths of opening GP market,providing a multi-dimensional analysis of the RTA GP provisions in promoting trade liberalization.
作者
韩剑
郑航
HAN Jian;ZHENG Hang(Yangtze River Delta Economics and Social Development Research Center of Nanjing University;Business School,Nanjing University)
出处
《经济研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第6期64-82,共19页
Economic Research Journal
基金
国家社科重大课题“构建面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络与治理规则研究”(20ZDA100)
国家自然科学基金面上项目“企业异质性、固定成本约束与优惠自贸协定利用:基于FTA利用率的研究”(71773048)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(010414370112)课题资助
关键词
区域贸易协定
政府采购条款深度
异质性效应
政策模拟
Regional Trade Agreement
Depth of Government Procurement Provisions
Heterogeneity Effect
Policy Simulation
