摘要
精英如何组织国家是社会科学特别是政治学研究的母题之一,中国的国家治理经验虽已成为学界的焦点,但我们在理论上尚未真正超越“西欧中心论”。学界聚焦于与西欧相似的春秋战国、受西欧影响的现代中国这“一头一尾”,但中间两千年的兴衰分合有哪些独特的经验?这两千年中尝试建设国家的精英团体比比皆是,为什么有时建成了强国家而有时只有弱国家?本文基于原创性的历史数据库,通过比较案例研究、描述性统计与社会网络分析相混合的方法,解释了著名的魏、蜀、吴三国国家构建的不同命运。魏国均衡而广泛地吸纳了各阶层精英,建立了相对团结的精英网络,因此国家能力较强;吴国面临着宗室和地方大族的垄断,精英也长期分裂,因此难以完成动员、汲取和战争;蜀汉精英先团结、后分裂,精英来源广泛但过于依赖中下层,因此国家能力先强后弱。综而观之,精英吸纳和精英网络不仅能解释传统中国的国家史,也能为现代的国家治理提供理论镜鉴。
How elites organize the state is onc of the basic problems in social science,especially in political science.Although China's governance experience has become the focus of social scientists,we have not really gone beyond the western centrism in theory.Scholars always focus on the Spring and Autumn period which is similar to Western Europe,or the modern China which is influenced by Western Europe.However,what are the unique experiences behind the rise and fall of the other two thousand years?There have been numerous elite groups who tried to build states in the two thousand years.Why did they establish strong states sometimes but give rise to weak states at other times?Based on original historical databases,this article explains the different fates of the famous states Wei,Shu,and Wu through a mix of comparative-case study,descriptive statisties,and social network analysis.The state of Wei reeruited the elites of different classes in a balanced and extensive way and then established a relatively united elite network,so the state had strong capacity.The state of Wu was faced with the monopoly of imperial families and local families,furthermore,the elites was divided for a long time.Asa result,it was difficult to implement mobilization,absorption and war.The Shu-Han elites split after a united period while their source depend too much on the middle and lower class.The state capacity is,therefore,strong in the first period and weakened in the end.To sum up,elite recruitment and elite network are not only able to explain the history of Chinese state,but also theorctically important for modern governance.
作者
黄晨
杨端程
Chen HUANG;Duancheng YANG
出处
《复旦政治学评论》
2023年第2期333-370,共38页
Fudan Political Science Review
基金
中国人民大学重大项目“中国现代国家史研究”(项目编号:2019030142)成果
关键词
国家构建
精英吸纳
精英网络
历史社会科学
state building
elite recruitment
elite network
historical social sciences
