摘要
近年来,难民问题已成为欧盟及其成员国面临的主要挑战之一。不过这一问题并非近几年才出现,而是历来已久。"二战"后不久,欧洲就是安置和遣返"二战"战争难民的主场。自20世纪70年代初至今世界各地流向欧洲的难民庇护申请数量不断攀升,在20世纪90年代初、21世纪初以及2015年欧洲先后经历了三次大规模的难民潮,其中2015年的叙利亚难民危机给欧洲造成的冲击前所未有。为全面理解欧洲难民问题的缘起和动向,本文系统梳理了"二战"后欧洲经历的三次难民潮以及与之有显著关联的事件,分别从20世纪70年代后的经济移民、80年代后的苏东剧变和巴尔干动荡、90年代初的苏联解体至21世纪初爆发的内部冲突、地区性战争、恐怖活动以及反恐战争来解释"二战"后欧洲难民潮的来源、去向和动因,有助于系统和全面地理解目前欧洲的难民问题。
In recent years,the refugee problem has become one of the main challenges facing the EU and its member states.However,this problem is not fresh in Europe.In the aftermath of WWII,although overall the number of refugee flows to Europe was not really large,Europe was the main destination of the displaced persons due to the war.Since 1970s,there has been a steady increase of refugees migrating to Europe.Specifically speaking,Europe has experienced three large waves of refugees in the early 1990s,the early 2000s,and 2015respectively.In particular,the 2015 Syrian refugee crises presented Europe unprecedented challenges in almost all aspects.In order to fully understand the drivers and dynamics of refuges flows to Europe,this study systematically analyzes the composition of the three waves of refugees in Europe and significant events related,from the policies on economic migrants in the 1970s,the radical changes of Easton Europe and the collapse of the USSR in the early 1990s,the recurrent violence in the Balkans in the end of last century,to the regional wars,civil wars,terroristactivities and counter-terrorism military operations since the early 2000s.It aims to explain the origins,destinations,and drivers of Europe refugees,which is of great help for comprehensively understanding the problem from a historical perspective.
关键词
难民流动
欧洲难民庇护政策
战争冲突
经济发展
Refugee Flows
European Asylum Policies
War and Conflict
Economic Development
