摘要
作为"古之道术"或"王官学"之流裔,老子之学同样具有本末一贯、体用兼备的思想品格。尽管道因其不可命名性而显得"混沌"与"暗昧",然治道的展开是不能在"混沌"与"暗昧"中进行的。同时,"朴散"而为"器",也是事物不可避免的存在趋势和历史事实。基于这种必然性和现实性,设名立教以化民导俗,既是圣人顺应现实的无奈之举,又是其济人成物的必然之责。所以,老子的"无为而治"思想表现在名教问题上便具有以下特点:一方面,因于"朴散"之状,"侯王"当顺势而为,因物制宜,设名立教,以济人成物。此为由"无名"而"有名"之不得已。另一方面,名教既立,"侯王"宜谨慎施用,顺物自然,以防其束缚事物的本性乃至扼杀其生命力;且为应对现实的流变之状,亦宜"随时"消解凝滞之名和扞格之教。此为由"有名"而"无名"之所应然。上述特点,鲜明地展现了老子思想中命名与名教的二重性以及"无名"与"有名"之间的张力性。
As the inheritor of ancient"daoshu"or"wangguanxue,"Laozi’s learning also has the same ideological character of the integration of"ben"and"mo,""ti"and"yong."Although Dao appears"chaotic"and"ambiguous"due to its unnamed nature,the governance cannot be carried out in"chaos"or"ambiguity."Meanwhile,it is an inevitable and historical trend that the Simple falls apart to the Concrete.Accordingly,it is necessary for sages to set up"mingjiao(name and educational system)"to educate people,guide customs,and enhance social development.Therefore,Laozi’s"governing inactively"thought has several characteristics when it works on the issue of"Mingjiao":On the one hand,the monarch should act according to the situation,and set up"mingjiao"to enhance social development.On the other hand,since"mingjiao"has been established,the monarch should practice it cautiously,prevent it from binding the nature of things or even killing their vitality.Moreover,in order to cope with the changing situation of reality,the monarch should dispel the stagnant"Mingjiao"when it’s necessary.These characteristics clearly show the duality of"naming"and"mingjiao"and the tension between"nameless"and"name."
作者
陈徽
Chen Hui(Department of Philosophy,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)
出处
《复旦学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第1期115-124,共10页
Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）
基金
上海市哲学社科规划“冷门‘绝学’和国别史等研究专项”课题“出土简帛文献与道家思想从先秦至汉代的衍变”(项目批准号:2018ZJX008)
国家社科基金项目“道家政治哲学”(项目批准号:20BZX050)的阶段性成果
关键词
老子
名
名教
无名
有名
Laozi
ming
mingjiao
wuming(nameless and eliminating name)
youming(name)
