摘要
目的:探讨优秀赛艇运动员8周高原训练过程中训练负荷结构的特点与差异,探索不同训练负荷结构对训练效果影响,为提高我国赛艇项目高原训练成功率提供理论依据和方法参考。方法:以中国赛艇队32名运动员为研究对象,分为2组,即女子单桨组(18名)和女子双桨组(14名);2组运动员在云南省会泽县(海拨高度为2280 m)进行8周高原训练。全程跟踪记录2组运动员高原训练前、中、后的训练内容,统计负荷量和负荷强度;训练量统计以水上专项训练、测功仪训练和跑步训练等手段完成的距离(km数)为主;负荷强度分为5级,通过测定心率、血乳酸来确定。分别于训练前1周内、高原训练后第3周进行专项运动能力的测试,包括测功仪6 km和测功仪2 km;每周休息日的次日晨,采指尖血测试运动员的血尿素(BU)和肌酸激酶(CK)。结果:1)从负荷量变化看,平原阶段女子单桨组负荷量比女子双桨组平均每周高10.8 km;而高原阶段,女子单桨组负荷量平均每周比女子双桨组低7.1 km,其中水上负荷量平均每周低11.2 km;女子单桨组负荷量从平原的每周195 km降到每周164.1 km(-15.85%),而女子双桨组负荷量从平原的每周184.2 km降到171.2 km(-7.06%)。2)从负荷强度上看,女子单桨组氧利用2的比例大于女子双桨组(118.27%,P<0.01),氧利用1、无氧阈、氧运输的训练比例均小于女子双桨组,分别为-30.47%(P<0.01)、-20.29%(P>0.05)和-48.65%(P>0.05)。3)高原训练后,女子单桨组的测功仪6 km成绩下降0.04%(P>0.05),女子双桨组提高了0.77%(P<0.01),女子双桨组的成绩明显高于女子单桨组(P<0.05);女子单桨组的测功仪2 km成绩下降0.31%(P>0.05),女子双桨组提高了0.73%(P<0.01)。4)女子单桨组BU平均为(6.1±1.5)mmol/L,CK为(162.6±83.6)U/L,女子双桨组BU为(6.4±1.4)mmol/L,CK为(249.4±176.7)U/L;2组运动员的BU无差异,但CK存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:中国赛艇运动员高原训练的负荷量与平原训练负荷量基本持平,高原训练以水上训练为主,测功仪训练和跑步训练辅助。中国赛艇运动员高原训练的负荷强度应以氧利用1为主,约占60%~65%,注重发展运动员中等强度有氧能力;无氧阈和氧运输训练辅助。中国赛艇运动员高原训练负荷结构的差异主要体现在负荷强度中氧利用2和氧利用1的差异,其中更高比例氧利用1强度训练可能是更好训练效果主要原因。
Objective:Training load is the key point of sports training.The training and practice present that appropriate load during altitude training plays a positive role in aerobic ability and performance.The purpose of this paper is to explore the characteristics and differences of the training loads of elite rowers during the 8-week altitude training,to explore the impact of different training loads on performance.It expects to provide a theoretical basis and methodological reference to improve rowing’s altitude training.Methods:32 rowers from the national rowing team is divided into two groups with 18 women of single oar and 14 women scullers and train at Huize Yunnan(2280 m)for 8 weeks.The training load before,during and after the altitude training is recorded.The training volume(km)consist of water training,ergometer training and running;the training intensity consist of 5 levels,which are evaluated by heart rate and blood lactic acid.The specific performance by ergometer 6 km,2 km and 4 level incremental load test before and after altitude training are tested.BU and CK at the morning after rest day are also tested.Results:(1)From the view of training volume,the average week’s volume of women of singe oar is 7.1 km less than women scullers at sea level,volume of water training is 11.2 km less;the volume of women of single oar decreases from 195 km at sea level to 164.1 km during altitude training(-15.85%),whereas the volume of women scullers decreases from 184.2 km to 171.2 km(-7.06%);(2)from the view of training intensity,the proportion of oxygen utilize 2 of women of single oar is 118.27%larger than women scullers whereas the proportions of oxygen utilize1,anaerobic threshold and oxygen transport of women of single oar are less than women sculler,-30.47%(P<0.01),-20.29%(P>0.05)and-48.65%(P>0.05);(3)after altitude training,ergometer 6 km result of women of singe oar decreases by 0.04%(P>0.05)whereas women scullers improve by 0.77%(P<0.01),and result of women scullers is better than women of singe oar;the change of power and heart rate at lactic acid threshold of women scullers are better than women of single oar;ergometer 2 km result of women of single oar decrease by 0.31%(P>0.05)whereas women sculler improve by 0.73%(P<0.01);(4)during altitude training,average BU and CK of women of single oar is 6.1±1.5 mmol/l and 162.6±83.6 U/l,women scullers is 6.4±1.4 mmol/and 249.4±176.7 U/l;there is a significant difference between CK of two groups(P<0.05).Conclusions:Training volume of Chinese rowers during altitude training should remain similar to the sea level;the training should rely mainly on water training,and ergometer training and running are supplementary;the training intensity of the Chinese rowers should rely mainly on oxygen utilize1(60-65%),and focus on developing aerobic ability,and anaerobic threshold and oxygen transport training are supplementary;the difference in load structure of Chinese rowers’altitude training is mainly load intensity of oxygen utilization 2 and oxygen utilization 1,and higher proportion of oxygen utilization 1 intensity training may be the main reason for better training effect.
作者
高炳宏
孟志军
王玉新
冯连世
GAO Bing-hong;MENG Zhi-jun;WANG Yu-xin;FENG Lian-shi(Shanghai Sport University,Shanghai 200438,China;Yunnan Sport Science Institute,Kunming 650041,Yunnan China;Shanghai Aquatic Sport Center,Shanghai 201713,China;China Institute of Sport Science,Beijing 100036,China)
出处
《北京体育大学学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第11期107-116,共10页
Journal of Beijing Sport University
基金
上海市科学技术委员会重点攻关项目(编号:15dz1208000)
国家体育总局重点研究领域重大课题(编号:2014B024Z04)
上海市人类运动能力开发与保障重点实验室(编号:11DZ2261100).
关键词
赛艇运动员
高原训练
负荷结构
训练效果
rowers
altitude training
structure of training load
training effect
