摘要
分析测定黑土、潮土和红壤在20多年不同施肥措施(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥与有机肥配施)下土壤和作物中Cu、Zn、Cd的含量,结果表明:长期单施化肥对黑土、潮土、红壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量没有显著影响;在黑土和红壤上,有机肥与化肥配施与对照不施肥相比显著提高Cu、Zn和Cd含量;红壤上有机肥和化肥配施(NPKM和1.5NPKM)处理小麦籽粒和秸秆Cu、Zn、Cd含量显著高于单施化肥处理(NPK),而且化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)与单施化肥相比(NPK)显著提高玉米籽粒和秸秆Zn、Cd含量;在潮土上,NK处理显著提高小麦籽粒和秸秆中Zn含量;黑土上各处理玉米籽粒中Cd含量无显著差异,而化肥配施有机肥比单施化肥显著提高玉米籽粒Zn含量。根据测定数据估算,在目前施肥措施和作物种植体系下,黑土对Cu、Zn、Cd的最高承载年限分别为67年、118年、9年,潮土分别为1042年、2043年、631年,红壤分别为10年、46年、0.5年。假设土地承载年限为45年且有机肥施用量低于10 t·hm-2,黑土和潮土可接受有机肥中Cd的最高限量低于我国有机肥中的平均含量,说明实际生产中施用有机肥造成土壤Cd污染的风险较大。因此,有必要尽快制定有机肥中重金属的安全限量标准,以确保土壤和农产品安全。
Contents of Cu, Zn and Cd in soil and plant samples collected from over 20 year′s fertilization experiments in black soil, fluvoaquic soil and red soil were analyzed. Results indicated that Cu, Zn and Cd contents in three soils were not affected by applying chemical fertilizers alone, but significantly increased by chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM), compared with the control without fertilizer application in black and red soil. In red soil the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cd in grain and straw of wheat were significantly increased in the treatments of NPKM and 1.5NPKM compared with the NPK treatment, and Zn and Cd in maize grain and straw were also higher in the treatment of NPKM than NPK. In fluvo-aquic soil the NK treatment significantly increased the contents of Zn in wheat grain and straw. In black soil there was no difference in the content of Cd in maize grain among treatments, while NPKM or 1.5NPKM treatment resulted in significantly higher Zn contents in maize grain than NPK treatment. Estimation based on the data showed that the maximum bearing year for Cu, Zn and Cd was 67, 118 and 9 years in black soil, 1042, 2043 and 631 years in fluvo-aquic soil, 10, 46 and 0.5 years in red soil, respectively. Under current fertilization and cropping systems, therefore, application of manures would have great environmental risks for both soils and plants. It is necessary to establish a national standard for limiting metal concentrations in manures.
出处
《农业环境科学学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2014年第1期63-74,共12页
Journal of Agro-Environment Science
基金
公益性行业(农业)科研专项(200903015)
关键词
长期施肥
重金属
土壤
玉米
小麦
long-term fertilization
heavy metals
soil
maize
wheat
