摘要
中世纪早期,罗马帝国晚期的庇护制和日耳曼人的马尔克制,这两个社会要素之所以能够融合,在于它们都隐含着一种近似的"保护"原则,即庇护制中对隶农的"保护",马尔克制对其成员的"保护"。"保护"成为两种社会要素融合的契合点。法兰克人以马尔克对土地的共同占有取代了罗马帝国的个人占有,以份地形式延续了罗马大地产制中的土地保有权,从而使马尔克的"保护"原则增强了罗马隶农和马尔克成员对土地占有者的人身依附性。日耳曼人的份地中含有共同占有所包含的用益权,这种用益权不仅强调了共同体对其成员的保护职能,同时还规定了受保护者应履行的义务。用益权决定了新形成的庄园制结构,庄园制维系了采邑制社会的依附关系,由此塑造了西欧封建制度特有的人身依附关系、以保护和义务为原则的个人联合政体、从土地中衍生出的各种权利这三个重要特点。
In the early Middle Ages, the patron system of the late Roman Empire and Mark system of the German Mark, these two social factors were fused together because they contained a similar principle of 'protection', namely, the Roman coloni were protected by the patronage and the Mark members were protected by the Mark. Thus, the concept of protection was the conjunction point. The Franks had replaced the private possession of the land with the unity holding, which continued land tenure contained in the Roman estate with the new formation of Hufen. Therefore, the protection principle of the Mark strengthened the personal bondage of Roman coloni and the Mark members who held land. The Hufen institution contained the rights of usage of the common land which not only emphasized the protective function of the community, but also stipulated the obligations of the members of the community who held land. The rights of usage decided the structure of the manorial system which held the relations of dependence in the benefi ciary society, in such a way, three characteristics, namely, the unique personal bondage of Feudalism in Western Europe, the polity of the personal alliance in principle of protections and obligations, the rights derived from the land, were carved out.
出处
《经济社会史评论》
2015年第1期101-109,125,共10页
Economic and Social History Review
基金
2012年国家社会科学基金项目"宗教改革前后德意志社会结构演变研究"(12BSS031)的阶段性成果
