摘要
【目的】随着一次性施肥逐渐发展为东北地区玉米种植的主要施肥方式,控释肥料、脲甲醛肥料和稳定性肥料等新型高氮复混(合)肥料在一次性施肥中的比例不断增加。本文在吉林省中部黑钙土上设置玉米田间试验,以明确相同养分条件下,不同类型高氮复混(合)肥料在玉米上一次性施用的增产效果及氨挥发状况。【方法】试验于2013年5月至10月在吉林省梨树县榆树台镇新兴黄家窝保村进行,试验地土壤为黑钙土,试验共设7个处理,分别为不施氮(N0)、常规施肥(Con)、高塔肥料(HT)、掺混肥(BB)、控释肥(CRF)、脲甲醛肥(UF)和稳定性肥料(SF),每个处理3次重复,小区面积40 m2。除常规施肥处理的氮肥分为基肥和追肥(基追肥比例为1∶2)外,其他处理均采用一次性基施。各处理氮、磷、钾施用量分别为224、88、88 kg/hm2。在施肥后采用通气法对土壤氨挥发状况进行原位连续测定,于播种前和收获后分别用土钻采集0—100 cm土壤样品,采用1 mol/L的KCl溶液浸提,然后用连续流动注射分析仪[AA3(AUTOANALYSIS3),德国产]测定土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量。玉米成熟期对各处理进行测产,并在每个小区选取3株有代表性的植株,分为秸秆和籽粒,烘干后称重,全部粉碎后测定植株中的氮含量,计算植株吸氮量。【结果】从收获后产量及氮素养分吸收利用的分析可以看出,与不施氮处理相比,施氮肥具有明显的增产效果,增产率达到18.9%24.1%,而在施氮量相同的条件下,一次性施用不同类型的高氮复混(合)肥间的产量无明显差异,介于12197 12899 kg/hm2之间;控释肥、脲甲醛肥料和稳定性肥料3个处理的氮肥当季利用率分别为27.9%、37.7%和28.8%;植株吸氮量分别为277.5、299.3和279.3 kg/hm2,均高于其他处理;肥料施入土壤后,不同时期的氨挥发速率整体上表现为先增加后降低的趋势,各肥料的氨挥发速率的差异主要集中在施肥后的3 13天,氨挥发速率峰值的大小为常规施肥>高塔肥料>掺混肥>控释肥>稳定性肥料>脲甲醛肥;控释肥、脲甲醛肥和稳定性肥料的氨挥发量分别为10.6、8.1和10.3 kg/hm2,相当于施氮量的4.7%、3.6%和4.6%,明显低于掺混肥(14.8 kg/hm2)和高塔肥料(23.0 kg/hm2);从土壤-作物体系中的氮素平衡可以看出,控释肥、脲甲醛肥和稳定性肥料的表观损失量分别为103、79和73 kg/hm2,明显低于掺混肥(136 kg/hm2)和高塔肥料(123 kg/hm2);且与掺混肥相比,控释肥、脲甲醛肥和稳定性肥料可以提高氮肥利用率7.7 17.5个百分点,有效降低氮素损失。【结论】在黑钙土区一次性施肥模式下,不同类型高氮复混(合)肥间的玉米产量无明显差异;与掺混肥相比,控释肥、脲甲醛肥和稳定性肥料3种新型肥料可以促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,氮肥当季利用率提高38.1%86.6%,氨挥发速率降低40%96.5%,氨挥发损失量减少39.2%81.3%,且在环境可接受范围内有效维持玉米生育期间的土壤无机氮含量,保证了土壤氮素供应。
【Objectives】With development of single fertilization as a main fertilization practice of maize( Zea mays L.) in northeast China,proportion of high nitrogen compound fertilizers such as controlled release fertilizer,urea formaldehyde fertilizer,and stability fertilizer in the single fertilization increases. In order to clear effects of the yield increase and ammonia volatilization status of different types of high nitrogen compound fertilizers on maize( Zea mays L.) in the same nutrient condition,a field experiment was conducted in a chernozem with maize( Zea mays L.) cropping in the center of Jilin Province,China. 【Methods】The experiment was conducted from May to October 2013 in chernozem soil in the Huangjiawobao village in Lishu County of Jilin Province with 7 treatments,which were the treatment without nitrogen application( N0),conventional fertilizer( Con),the high-tower fertilizer compound fertilizer processed in high tower( HT),bulk blanding fertilizer( BB),controlled-release fertilizer( CRF),urea formaldehyde fertilizer( UF) and stability fertilizer( ST). Each treatment was replicated 3 times. The conventional fertilizer was basal and top-dressed in proportion of 1 ∶ 2,the other fertilizaters were all basal applicated completely with rate of N,P2O5 and K2O in 224,88,and 88 kg / hm2. The ammonia volatilization was tested by a ventilation method in situ after the fertilization. Soil samples in the 0-100 cm soil layer were collected by drilling before sowing and after harvest. The yield of each treatment was weighted,three plants were selected in each plot and divided into straw and grain,the nitrogen uptake was calculated. 【Results】The nitrogen fertilizer application increases the yields significantly. Compared with N0,the yield increase ranges from 18. 9% to 24. 1%,there are not significant differences among the different types of fertilizers,and the yield are from 12197 to 12899 kg / hm2. The utilization rates of the controlled release fertilizer( CRF),urea formaldehyde fertilizer( UF),and stability fertilizer( ST) are 27. 9%,37. 7% and 28. 8%,respectively,and the plant nitrogen uptake amounts are277. 5,299. 3 and 279. 3 kg / hm2,respectively,which are higher than those in the other treatments. The ammonia volatilization rates at different periods after the fertilizer application show that the overall rate of ammonia volatilization is firstly increased and then decreased,the differences of ammonia volatilization rates of the treatments mainly concentrate in the 3-13 days after the fertilization,the peak of the ammonia volatilization rate is in oreder:conventional fertilization( Con) > high-tower fertilizer( HT) > mixing fertilizer( BB) > controlled release fertilizer( CRF) > stability fertilizer( ST) > urea formaldehyde fertilizer( UF). The ammonia volatilization amounts of the controlled release fertilizer,urea formaldehyde and stability fertilizer are 10. 6,8. 1 and 10. 3kg / km2,respectively,which are equivalent to the amounts of the nitrogen fertilizer in 4. 7%,3. 6% and 4. 6%and significantly lower than the mixing fertilizer( 14. 8 kg / hm2) and the high-tower Fertilizer( 23. 0 kg /hm2). From the nitrogen balance in soil-crop system,it can be seen that the apparent loss amounts of the controlled release fertilizer,urea formaldehyde fertilizer and the stability fertilizer are 103,79 and 73 kg / hm2,and significantly lower than those of the mixing fertilizer( 136 kg / hm2) and high-tower fertilizer( 123 kg /hm2). The mixing fertilizer,controlled release fertilizer,urea formaldehyde fertilizer and stability fertilizer improve the nitrogen utilization rate of7. 7%- 17. 5%,and reduce the nitrogen loss effectively. 【Conclusions】In chernozem soil and single fertilization mode,the yields of different types of high nitrogen compound fertilizer have no significant differences,which are ranged from 12197 to 12899 kg / hm2. Compared with the mixing fertilizer( BB),the controlled release fertilizer( CRF),urea formaldehyde fertilizer( UF) and stability fertilizer( ST) promote the plant nitrogen uptake,and the utilization rates are improved by 38. 1%- 86. 6%,the ammonia volatilization rates are reduced by 40%- 96. 5%and the amounts of ammonia volatilization loss are reduced by 39. 2%- 81. 3%. The controlled release fertilizer,urea formaldehyde fertilizer and stability fertilizer effectively keep soil inorganic nitrogen content in corn growth period within an acceptable range and guarantee soil nitrogen supply.
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第3期615-623,共9页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
公益性行业(农业)专项-农作物最佳养分管理技术研究与应用(201103003)
国家玉米产业技术体系(CARS)项目资助
关键词
玉米
一次性施肥
新型肥料
氨挥发
氮素平衡
maize
single fertilizer application in one crop season
new type fertilizer
ammonia volatilization
nitrogen balance
