摘要
市场调节是高等教育调节体系中的重要组成部分。随着市场因素和外部力量的强有力介入,市场调节作用的发挥有无限度、有多大限度,已成为高等教育理论研究、政策制定、实践运作中必须予以严肃考虑的一个问题。市场调节并非万能的,高等教育市场失灵主要缘于高等教育的准公共产品性质及高等教育中存在的外部效应、技术性与体制性垄断、信息不完全、信息不对称、机会与结果分配不公平等属性与特征。为了矫正高等教育市场失灵,除了充分发挥政府干预的主导作用外,还应恰当发挥社会力量的调节作用。为使高等教育市场良好地运行,应恰当地行使调节机能,并有必要采取综合性治理的方式矫正诸种市场缺失与失灵。
China has entered a period of fast developing market economy since 1990s. With the increasing influences of marketization, the scope, degree and role of market adjustment of higher education is increasingly drawing people's attention. Although the introduction and development of marketization mechanism is of particular importance to higher education, there are undoubtedly some mistakes and failure in its market mechanism. Only after we completely understand the multiple failures of its market adjustment and take effective correction measures can we make sure the sustainable, stable and harmonious development of higher education. Adjustment is a process of influencing the decision and behavior of individuals and organizations according to certain aims and by using certain tools. Market is the total sum of the place where commodities are exchanged. According to Burton .R. Clark, higher education market consists of consumer market, labor market and market of colleges. The author maintains that higher education market consists of external market and internal market. Higher education adjustment is not so mysterious, but is the product of people's following and applying the principles of economic activities. Why higher education market may fail It is due to six basic factors. Firstly, higher education, in essence, is a product-to-be, which needs government's supply and financial aids partially. Secondly, there are external effects in higher education. Generally speaking, it is not easy for higher education market to internalize various external effects. Thirdly, there are various monopolies in the higher education system, such as system monopoly (one single public higher education system), mechanism monopoly (one single public financial input), monopoly of college-type (one single university type), the monopoly of good resources of colleges (one college is extremely good while all the others are inferior). These monopolies seriously hinder the diverse development of higher education. Fourthly, information within higher education is incomplete, the production, transmission and application of information is costly, and bearers of higher education market, in most cases, can only get partial information, thus limiting the full improvement of market efficiency. Fifthly, there is asymmetry of information in the higher education market, and the transactor's knowledge of transaction object and content (quality and quantity) is asymmetrical. Lastly, the distribution of opportunities and achievements, to the most degree, is unequal. The market is discriminating against the disadvantageous group; as a result, the rich get richer, while the poor get poorer.The author maintains that in order to correct the market failure of higher education market it is necessary to take comprehensive measures. First of all, we should clarify the scope and degree of the higher education goods supplied by government and/or the market so as to avoid position loss, mispositioning, and exceeding position in the supply of these goods. Various methods, such as taxation, subsidies, private negotiations, rules and procedures and direct adjustments will make it possible for higher education to internalize the external effects of higher education so as to bring about the conformity of private and social cost or benefit. The industrial restructuring and adjustment of higher education is helpful in avoiding various monopolies. The stipulation of antitrust laws and regulations will help encourage full competition in higher education. The improvement of the information production, transmission and application mechanism of supply-demand, cost and price within higher education and the setting up of social public consultation systems and public hearing systems concerning important affairs may help decrease the transaction costs of the higher education market. In order to make the distribution of opportunities and achievement of higher education more equal, we need to make anti-discrimination laws of higher education, make compensatory education for disadvantageous group a
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2004年第4期5-13,共9页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
关键词
高等教育
市场失灵
调节机制
矫正
higher education
market failure
adjustment mechanism
correction
