1Stephen D. Brookfield. Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning[J]. California:Jossey-Bass Inc. 1986. 3-4.
2Mattha Mitchell Funnell. Konrmeen Kulkarni. Richard R. Rubin, et al. A Core Curriculum For Diabetes Education[M]. 3nd ed. Chicago: Illinois, 1998. 13-14.
3Donna tR. Falvo. Effective Patient Education[M]. 2th ed. Mary land: Aspen Publishers. 1994.
7Kimura W, Inouet T, Futakawa N, et al. Spleen-Preserv-ingdistal panereatectomy with conservation of the splenicartery and vein. Surgery, 1996,120: 885-890.
8Warshaw L. Conservation of the spleen with distal pan-createctomy. Arch Surg, 1998,123:550-553.
9Cason CL, Seidel SL, Btishmiaer M. Recovery from laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures. AORNEF, 1996,63:1099.