摘要
我国共有煤炭型城市63座,其中典型的煤炭城市31座,一半以上分布于东北三省和山西省。煤炭型城市的稳定及可持续发展面临的主要问题有:经济结构单一,煤炭企业普遍亏损,生态破坏与环境污染严重,下岗失业人员增多、社会矛盾突出,城市布局分散、功能弱化。实现煤炭型城市可持续发展应遵循以下基本思路:①加强煤炭资源的综合开发与深度加工;②积极探索和发展非煤替代产业;③建立现代企业制度,调整企业组织结构;④加强生态型城市建设。煤炭型城市实现可持续发展不仅要有内部动力,还要有外部支持系统、相应的政策措施作保证,如建立煤炭型城市经济转型储备基金,运用政府补偿的财政支持手段,实施产业援助等优惠政策,尽可能减低各种税费支出,尽快将环境补偿费纳入资源补偿费的范畴。
There are thirty-one typical coal-mining cities in all sixty-three coal-mining cities in China, about sixty-five percents of them locating in northeast three provinces, Shanxi province and Inner Mongolia province. Those coal-mining cities, involving nineteen provinces and autonomous regions, account for fifty-three percent in total various resources cities. Among typical coal-mining cities, more than half of them locate in northeast three provinces and Shanxi province. In those thirty-one coal-mining cites, there are twenty prefecture level cities and eleven county level cities according to their administrative level. According to their population size, there are one extra large city, eight large cities, twelve medium size cities and ten small cities. To realize the sustainable development of those coal-mining cities, some problems must be overcome. The main problems are as the follows: (1) Single economic structure, namely, the economic structure is coal-mining dominant. The cities, which are depending on the coal resources to develop, are suffering from the single industrial structure, single product structure, single employment structure, single technological structure, single ownership structure and single enterprise organization structure. (2) Most coal-mining enterprises running in the red deficit after long time exploitation. Affected by the fact the coal supply surplus the coal demand, a lot of coal-mining enterprises are suffering from the production reduction, the price falling down, economic benefits deterioration. It is the common phenomena that a lot of coal-mining enterprises are running defect and the production ability left unused. (3) Environment pollution and ecological devastation during mining. The coal-mining cities are suffering from not only the three wastes, namely, waste water, waste residue, waste gas but the ground caving in. The problem of ground caving in among coal-mining cities is becoming more and more serious. (4) The number of the unemployed increasing continually and resulting in a series of social conflict. The recessive unemployment phenomenon is very common in coal-mining cities. The workforce employed per production unit is higher than the world average level. For instance, the workforce employed is twenty-folds higher than that in United States per production unit. The surplus workforce in Chinese coal-mining enterprise accounts for about twenty-six percent in all workforces. In order to help the coal-mining cities to deal with these problems, Chinese governments at all levels are facilitating the process of depletion of employment numbers and improving the level of re-employment. Great efforts are made also by the governments to regulate the coal markets in order to avoid the duplication in coal-mining industry. The total production volume is under strict control by the central government. The small coal-mining enterprises are shut down. Those methods will surely enlarge the unemployment in coal-mining cites. The unemployment in coal-mining cities will keep the growth trend. (5) The decentralized city distribution as well as weakened city function. A lot of coal-mining cities are lacking in comprehensive planning. In order to avoid the coal resources underground, and because of the bad natural conditions to build the city, many coal-mining cities distribution are decentralized. The infrastructures in coal-mining cities are very poor. A lot of coal-mining cities came into being depending on one or two big coal-mining enterprises. In the inception period of building, the coal-mining cities are government and enterprise combined. With the expansion of enterprises'social function size, some other counties and cities are under the coal-mining cities'administrative area. The city separates from the enterprises.A lot of infrastructures' mainenance and building are left for the city. But some infrastructures, such as water supply, gas supply, public transport, are still run by the enterprises. The enterprises develop those infrastructures for the benefit of their own industry. While the l
出处
《地球科学进展》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2005年第6期679-686,共8页
Advances in Earth Science
基金
国家软科学基金项目"我国资源型城市可持续发展研究"(编号:2002DGSEB006)资助.
关键词
中国
煤炭型城市
可持续发展
思路与对策
China
Coal-mining city
Sustainable development
Ideas and tactics.
