摘要
中国被联合国列为13个贫水国之一,占国土面积1/3的内陆河地区先天性的水资源不足,再叠加不合理的利用,使得水问题成为西北内陆河流域经济发展和生态保护的关键性问题.以黑河为例论述了流域尺度的水、土、生态、环境及管理问题;提出缓解流域水资源矛盾必须在流域尺度提高水效益的适应对策;讨论了绿洲灌区水资源利用率提高的4个环节,即灌溉水向土壤水转化、土壤水的生物利用、生物水的生产率以及市场需求的产业配置;展示了水源涵养、节水型绿洲建设、生态水利用率提高的部分实例;分析了水资源的社会化管理的阶段、问题与途径,强调流域虚拟水配置战略,指出提高流域水生态经济综合效益仍有较大潜力.
China is one of the 13 countries that have water scarcity problem according to the statistical data of United Nation. In the inland river basins, which take up 1/3 of the total area in China, with naturally limited water resources and combined with unreasonable utilization, water problems have become critical issues that impact socioeconomic development and ecological protection. Heihe Rive Basin is one of the typical inland river basins in China. Taking it as an example, this article states water, soil, ecological and management problems at basin scale. In the Heihe River Basin, the total water consumption in 1998 was 34.33× 10^8 m^3 , of which 87% were used for agriculture. Meanwhile, oases in the middle reaches consume 68.1% of the total water resources. Population has increased rapidly in the past 50 years which boost the demand of water resources. Although a Water Allocation Plan has been implemented since 1997, production has been improved insignificantly due to lack of scientific approaches. In addition, water yield in the area is much less than the national average level. Therefore, so long as water yield increases through water resources effective utilization at field scale and water is rationally allocated at basin scale, economic development could be sustained and ecological security could be protected within limited water resources. Then, four components are discussed for improving water efficiency in irrigation district, which are transformation of irrigation water into soil water, biological utilization of soil water, crop water efficiency and enterprises setting as market demand. Cases such as improving water holding capacity in upper reaches of the basin, constructing water-saving oasis in the middle reaches and increasing efficiency of environmental flow in the lower reaches are discussed. In the last part of the article, it highlights social aspects of integrated basin water resources management. Social management of water resources consists of supply management and demand management; both technological benefit and allocation benefit should be considered. To construct a social management system of water resources, it involves establishment of an integrated management institute, improverhent of related laws and regulations, public participance, mobilization of socioeconomic resources, implement of virtual water strategy, and form a water-saving society. Virtual water strategy has been proved as a successful case. At last, it emphasizes that there are great potential to augment integrated benefit of water, ecology and economy.
出处
《冰川冻土》
CSCD
北大核心
2006年第3期406-413,共8页
Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology
基金
国家科技攻关计划项目(2005BA517A02
2005BA517A03)
中国科学院知识创新工程项目"黑河试验示范(二期)"(KZCX1-09)资助
关键词
水问题
水效益
生态经济
应对策略
中国内陆河-黑河流域
water issue
water efficiency
eco-economics
countermeasure
Heihe River
inland river basin
