摘要
环境危机通常通过推动采用预防危机反复出现,并提高社会对危机事件迅速有效反应能力的措施,而成为改善环境管理的催化剂.回顾了美国、欧洲与日本的几个环境危机事例以及国家调整性政策的改变.总结出进行环境危机管理工作应该考虑:①紧急准备要求国家与地方权力机构应该通过仔细监测工业用有害化学品的使用情况、使用结果与运输情况,以及可能带来的环境影响,了解其潜在的环境灾难.要求从事可能会带来环境危机活动的责任方证明其已经制定了综合有效的应急反应计划.②排放有害物质的责任方要负责承担补救环境与人类健康损失所花费的全额成本.建立有效的责任计划可以推动对预防环境危机措施方面的投资.③发生环境危机时,采取的最基本措施是及时将有关危机性质与范围等情况通告应急反应权力机构及公众.以提高应急反应能力,保持公众的信任.④吸取经验预防环境危机事件再发生.独立调查委员会要探索发生环境事故的原因,并为预防工作提供意见或建议.⑤政府与行业有责任采取措施保护公众免受与有害物质排放和其他有害活动相关的潜在危害;在事故发生时能及时反应并使损害达到最低;对人类健康与环境造的成损害提供赔偿.
Environmental crises often have served as catalysts for improving environmental governance by spurring the adoption of measures to prevent their recurrence and to increase society＇s capacity to respond swiftly and effectively to future crises. This paper reviews several examples of environmental crises in the United States, Europe and Japan and the changes in regulatory policy that they spawned. Based on a review of this experience, the paper concludes that environmental crisis management should consider the following major points ： （1） Emergency preparedness requires that national and local authorities be aware of potential environmental hazards through careful monitoring of hazardous chemicals used by industry, their fate and transport, and their likely environmental impacts. Those who engage in activities that pose environmental risks should be required to demonstrate that they have developed comprehensive and effective emergency response plans. （2）Those responsible for releases of hazardous substances shouM be held liable for the full cost of remediating damage to the environment and haman health. The establishment of effective liability schemes increases incentives for investments in measures to prevent environmental crises. （3）When environmental crises do arise, it is essential that information concerning their nature and scope be disclosed promptly to emergency response authorities and the general public. Prompt reporting enhances the ability of response authorities to contain damage while maintaining public trust. （4）To prevent future environmental crises it is essential to learn from past experience. Independent investigative bodies should explore the causes of environmental accidents and recommend measures to prevent their future occurence. （5）It is now widely accepted that governments and industry have a responsibility to take measures to protect citizens from potential harm associated with hazardous emissions and other harmful activities, to react in such a way as to minimize damages when accidents do occur, and to provide compensation in cases where damage to health and the environment does occur.
出处
《环境科学研究》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2006年第B11期133-142,共10页
Research of Environmental Sciences
基金
美国环保协会资助(Environmental Defense)
德国技术合作公司(Deutsche Gesellschaft frü Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH)共同资助
中国环境与发展国际合作委员会项目
关键词
环境危机
危机准备
危机应急
environmental crises
emergency preparedness
emergency response
