摘要
气候变化将引起水生生物地球化学过程(包括碳动力变化)、水生食物网结构、动态和生物多样性以及初级和次级生产力的显著变化,影响水生哺乳动物和水禽的分布范围、分布型、栖息地质量和数量。未来永久冻土融化的增加将使营养物、沉积物和水生系统的碳负荷增加,对淡水的化学成分产生正负作用。营养物和碳富集将促进营养物循环和生产力提高,改变含碳痕量气体的形成和消耗。因此,作为碳汇或源的水生生态系统的状态将发生改变。气候变化对北极大部分地区淡水生态系统的生物多样性也具有显著影响,影响和响应的大小、程度和持续时间将随系统和位点而异。对水生哺乳动物和水禽的影响包括迁徙路径和时间改变,由于疾病和寄生虫感染而可能使死亡率升高、生长和生产力下降,以及或许发生栖息地适合性和可获得时间变化。
Climate change is projected to cause significant alterations to aquatic biogeochemical processes, (including carbon dynamics), aquatic food web structure, dynamics and biodiversity, primary and secondary production; and, affect the range, distribution and habitat quality /quantity of aquatic mammals and waterfowl. Projected enhanced permafrost thawing is very likely to increase nutrient, sediment, and carbon loadings to aquatic systems, resulting in both positive and negative effects on freshwater chemistry. Nutrient and carbon enrichment will enhance nutrient cycling and productivity, and alter the generation and consumption of carbon-based trace gases. Consequently, the status of aquatic ecosystems as carbon sinks or sources is very likely to change. Climate change will also very likely affect the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems across most of the Arctic. The magnitude, extent, and duration of the impacts and responses will be system- and location-dependent. Projected effects on aquatic mammals and waterfowl include altered migration routes and timing; a possible increase in the incidence of mortality and decreased growth and productivity from disease and/or parasites; and, probable
