摘要
北京市是我国土地利用集约程度较高，土地利用与经济发展和生态环境矛盾最尖锐的地区之一。本文利用生态足迹的原理和模型计算了北京市1990年～2003年的生态足迹和土地生态承载力，以期为适应北京大都市社会经济功能的特点，寻求在资源环境承载力范围内实现该市可持续发展的途径和对策。结果表明：1990年-2003年，北京市的人均生态足迹呈阶段性变化，1995年以前人均生态足迹逐渐增大，1995年以后呈逐渐减小趋势；而万元产值生态足迹呈持续减小趋势。1996年～2003年，北京市总的生态足迹和人均生态足迹均大大超过其土地生态承载力，出现生态赤字。从横向比较看，北京市的人均生态足迹超出全球和中国平均水平。可见，北京市人口、经济和消费模式对自然的需求远超过北京市生态系统承受能力，北京市生态发展处于不可持续状态。为适应北京大都市社会经济功能的特点，尽可能减小对周围和其它地区生态环境负担的转移，必须建立起资源高效型、消费生态型、观念环保型的新型社会经济发展模式。
Ecological footprint is an important indicator for measuring ecological carrying capacity in the research field of sustainable development. Owing to its convenient, precise and feasible characters, ecological footprint is widely used in the world. Beijing is one of the regions with a large population density and land use pressures in Beijing are mainly resulted from industrialization and urbanization. Adopting the ecological footprint principle and model, taking Beijing as a case, this paper calculated and analyzed its ecological footprints from 1990 to 2003 according to the data from the statistical yearbook. The dynamic change trends of its consumption and supply of all land types were analyzed respectively. The results showed that the ecological footprints per capita in Beijing presented periodic characteristics from 1990 to 2003. The ecological footprint was 2.4213 hm^2 per capita in 1990 and increased to 2.789 hm^2 per capita in 1995. From 1996 to 2003, the ecological footprint decreased 0.4828 hm^2 per capita. The ecological footprint per ten thousand Yuan has decreased in the past 14 years continually, with a decrease of 81.3%. Beijing was in ecological deficit condition from 1996 to 2003 and the ecological deficit decreased from 2.5148 hm^2 per capita to 2.0874 hm^2 per capita. Compared with other countries and regions, the ecological footprint of Beijing was higher than the global and average level of China and the available bio-capacity was lower than the global and average level of China. So the ecological deficit was also higher than the global and average level of China. It is obvious that the demand of human, economy and consumption for ecological nature have exceeded the supporting capacity of ecosystem in Beijing and the ecological economy in Beijing is in unsustainable development condition. It is urgent to control the increase of population, enhance the ecological carrying capacity, alter the patterns of production and consumption, in order to realize the sustainable development of ecological economy in Beijing and decrease the impacts on the environment of other regions.
出处
《资源科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2007年第5期37-42,共6页
Resources Science
基金
国家自然科学基金(编号:40571002)
国家科技攻关项目:"小城镇土地集约利用与生态安全评价"
关键词
生态足迹
生态承载力
生态赤字
北京市
Ecological footprint
Ecological carrying capacity
Ecological deficit
Beijing
