摘要
在红山文化墓葬发掘出土的上百件玉器中,玉箍和玉勾云形器是重要的玉神器,尤以玉勾云形器为最最重要之事神用巫玉。其表面器形构架由(?)三种图案组合成复合勾云纹造型,反映了红山文化群体对"云"、"雨"的崇敬和期盼。其深层内涵则是云上有天、天上有神,天神是至高无上之神,具有权威性和震慑性,也为红山文化群体视为保护神加以膜拜。玉勾云形器、玉龙、兽面饰块形器等红山文化玉神器均以云纹作结构框架并普遍应用,说明其群体以崇敬云天为己任,并创建了高度发达的东夷玉文化板块。此一玉文化或可能与"黄帝受命有云瑞"、"官名皆以云命,为云师"的记载有关联。而"玉勾云形器"之名称不甚准确,经考证古文献,应为"吉云饰玉神器"、"玉吉云形器",宜定名为"玉瑞云纹饰"。
Almost one hundred jade ornaments have been found at Hongshan culture burial sites,and among them the jade comb and the hooked-cloud object are important jade votive items.The hooked-cloud jade object was the supreme votive item used by shamans,and on them three different arc lines on the surface of these objects formed a reiterated pattern of hooked- clouds.These three strokes actually resemble the character meaning‘cloud’as it appears in oracle bone inscriptions and on bronze vessels,which would seem to demonstrate that these lines do indeed indicate the moon as well as its deity and that the Hongshan shamans served this deity. This would also explain the reverence for the moon and for rain in Hongshan culture.Its deep structural meaning would seem to be that above the clouds there are the heavens,that in the heavens there is a deity and that the deity of the heavens is the supreme deity who is awesome and awe-inspiring;worshipping this deity made it the protective deity of the Hongshan tribes. Various votive jades of the Hongshan culture,such as the hooked-cloud shaped jades,the jade dragons and the beast-face pattern jue-shaped objects,all employ cloud patterns as a structural element and it has universal application,revealing that the Hongshan culture community groups regarded the worship of cloud-heaven as their personal duty,and this was probably intimately connected with the high-level development of jade culture that we see among the Dongyi people and is possibly also connected with the such significant references to the appearance of cloud patterns as when Huangdi received his mandate and to the ancient passage that reads,‘the names of the officials were the clouds’mandate in order that they serve as teachers of the clouds(yunshi)' .‘Hooked-cloud shaped jades’is not a very accurate term,and if we are to use the terminology in ancient texts we should describe them as‘yujiyunxing-qi’(lit.,jade auspicious cloud shaped objects),thereby defining what we can term‘yuruiyun wenshi’(lit.,the jade auspicious cloud motif).
出处
《故宫博物院院刊》
北大核心
2008年第1期114-122,共9页
Palace Museum Journal
关键词
红山玉文化
东夷玉文化板块
玉勾云形器
玉神器
天神
至上神云瑞
以云纪事
云命
云师
吉云饰玉神器
玉瑞云纹饰
Hongshan jade culture
Dongyi jade culture
hooked-cloud shaped jades
votive jades
heavenly deity
supreme deity
auspicious clouds or cloud omens
cloud records of events
cloud mandate
jade auspicious cloud shaped objects
jade auspicious cloud motif
