1Helfet DL, Koval K, Pappas J, et al. Intraarticular ""pilon"" fracture of the tibia. Clin Orthop, 1994, 298: 221
2Bone L, Stegemann P, McNamara K, et al. External fixation of severely comminuted and open tibial pilon fractures. Clin Ortbop,1993, 292:101
3Egol KA, Wolinsky P, Koval KJ. Open reduction and internal fixation of tibial pilon fractures. Foot Ankle Clin, 2000, 5: 873
4Bonar SK, Marsh JL. Unilateral external fixation for severe pilon fractures. Foot Ankle, 1993, 14:57
5Patterson MJ, Cole JD. Two- staged delayed open reduction and internal fixation of severe pilon fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 1999,
6Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, Macnab J. Intra- articular fractures of the distal tibia: the pilon fracture. J Trauma, 1983, 23:591
7Borrelli J Jr, Ellis E. Pilon fractures: assessment and treatment.Orthop Clin North (Am), 2002, 33:231
8Ovadia DN, Beals RK. Fractures of the tibial plafond. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1986, 68:543
9Wyrsch B, McFerran MA, McAndrew M, et al. Operative treatment of fractures of the tibial plafond. A randomized, prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1996, 78:1646
10Babis GC, Vayanos ED, Papaioannou N, et al. Results of surgical treatment of tibial plafond fractures. Clin Orthop, 1997, 341:99
8Siegel J ,Tometta P. Extraperiosteal plating of pronation -abductionankle fractures[J]. J Bone Joint Surg(Am), 2007,89(2) : 276-281.
9Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the ankle.II.Corabined experimental-surgical and experimental -roentgenologic investigations [J], ArchSurg,1950,60:957-985.
10Baird RA,Jackson ST. Fractures of the distal part of the fibula ,withassociated disruption of the deltoid ligament treatment without repairto deltoids ligamentfj]. J Bone Joint Surg(Am), 1987,69(9) : 1346-1347.
