摘要
"丁中制"起源之初,不仅以赋役征派对象的身高、年龄、健康状况等自然身份作为依据,而且受到社会身份爵位的影响。秦汉时期随着国家对编户民年龄的掌握,二十等爵制的废弛,年龄逐渐成为赋役征派的主要依据。秦汉早期"丁中制"在简牍户籍中表现为户籍身份与赋役注记的结合,户籍身份"小"、"大"等与赋役征派只是大致对应而未重合,户籍身份本身并不意味着赋役义务。三国时期,实际赋役征派急剧变动,形成中的年龄分层与轻重赋役义务相结合,催生了丁中身份,为西晋创设丁中老小之制提供了条件。
When the ding-zhong system (an age-based tax and corvée system in which people aged 16 to 60 were called 丁 [ding,fully able-bodied people] and people aged 13 to 15 and 61 to 65 were called 中 [zhong,semi-able-bodied people],based on relevant documents in the West Jin dynasty) was first introduced,the basis for levying taxes and corvée labor was not solely natural physical attributes such as height,age and health;levies were also heavily dependent on social status and noble rank.In the Qin and Han dynasties,when the government had a better command of the age of the registered population and the system of twenty ranks of nobility had been abolished,age gradually became the main basis for the levies.In the Qin and early Han period,the ding-zhong system was expressed as a combination of household registration status and notes on tax and corvée on the household registration bamboo and wooden slips.Household registration status-minor,adult,etc.-only roughly tallied with the levies and did not necessarily mean that the person concerned was subject to tax and corvée obligations.In the Three Kingdoms period,the actual levies underwent radical changes,with the emerging system of age stratification combining with different tax and corvée obligations to produce the status of ding and zhong,thus providing the necessary conditions for the establishment of the ding-zhong system.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2010年第2期25-45,共21页
Historical Research
