摘要
目的 系统研究铸造作业职业性有害因素的特点,为职业流行病学研究和铸造作业职业性有害因素控制提供基础数据.方法 收集1978至2008年某铸造厂作业环境中粉尘、化学性职业有害因素和物理性职业有害因素浓度及强度的定期检测资料并补充测定作业环境中呼吸性粉尘及其他有害物质浓度.计算其平均浓度和强度（几何均数）,统计分析不同年份职业性有害因素在各工种的分布特点.结果 该厂主要职业性有害因素是矽尘、金属烟雾、噪声和高温.主要工种均接触矽尘,矽尘平均浓度1986年前高达8.6 mg/m3,自1986年起呈较大幅度下降,1986至1989年矽尘浓度均数为2.4 mg/m3,1990至2002年为2.7 mg/m3,2003至2008年为2.7 mg/m3.各工种矽尘浓度的变化趋势与总体趋势一致.熔化工种矽尘浓度最高（4.4mg/m3）,其次是清理（3.4mg/m3）和浇注工种（3.4mg/m3）,配砂、造型制芯工种矽尘浓度分别为2.4、2.1和1.7mg/m3.呼吸性矽尘浓度以浇注工种为最高（2.76mg/m3）,其次是清理工种（1.14 mg/m3）.熔化3-种作业环境中石棉粉尘平均浓度高达2.0mg/m3制芯和配砂工种作业环境中主要存在胶粘剂释放产物,分别为氨（5.84mg/m3）、甲醛（0.60mg/m3）、苯酚（1.73mg/m3）.也存在酚醛树脂（1.3 mg/m3）.清理工种作业环境中主要存在苯及其同系化合物,苯、甲苯、二甲苯的平均浓度分别为0.2、0.1、1.3 mg/m3.浇注和熔化工种作业环境中主要存在苯并（a）芘、金属烟雾（铅、镉、锰、镍、铬）和气体（硫化氢、磷化氢、二氧化硫、一氧化碳等）.苯并（a）芘浓度偏低（1.80×10（-4）μg/m3）.铸造作业环境中物理性职业有害因素主要有噪声、高温、振动.高温主要存在于熔化、浇注及清理工种,平均温度分别为30、29和26℃.噪声强度均值以清理[93.1 dB（A）]及制芯[89.5 dB（A）]工种较高.振动主要存在于制芯和清理工种.不良体位包括长时间的站位、坐位和弯腰.结论 铸造作业环境中职业性有害因素种类复杂、多种有害因素浓度超标,呈现高浓度粉尘、高浓度金属烟雾、多种低浓度化学性职业有害因素、高强度噪声及振动、高温、不良体位等职业性有害因素共存.应该加强控制和防护.
Objective To analyze systematically the characteristics of occupational hazards in the foundry,and provide precise data for epidemiology studies and control of occupational hazards in the foundnr.Methods Data of airborne dust,chemical occupational hazards and physical occupational agents in environ-ment in the foundry from 1 978 to 2008 were dynamically collected.Mean concentration and intensity （geo-metric mean）of occupational hazards were calculated by job in different years.Results Main occupationalhazards in the foundry were silica,metal fume,noise and heat stress.Silica existed in all of main iobs.Themean concentration of silica before 1986 was an extremely high level of 8.6 mg/m3.and then remarkably dropped after 1986,with the level of 2.4 mg/m3 from 1986 to 1989,2.7 mg/m3 from 1990 to 2002 and 2.7 mg/m3 from 2003 to 2008.The trend of silica concentrations by iob was consistent with that in general.Silica concen-tratlons among jobs were significantly different,with highest level in melting（4.4 mg/m3）.followed by cast shakeout and finishing（3.4 mg/m3）,pouring（3.4 mdm3）,sand preparation（2.4 mg/m3）,moulding（2.1 mg/m3）and core-making（1.7 mg/m3）.Concentration of respirable dust in pouring was highest（2.76 mg/m3）,foliowedby cast shakeout and finishing（1.14 mg/m3）.Mean concentration of asbestos dust in melting was a relative high level of 2.0 ms/m3.In core-making and sand preparation,there existed emission production of adhesive,with mean concentrations as followed,ammonia（5.84 ms/m3）,formaldehyde（O.60 mg/m3）,phenol（1.73 mg/m3）and phenol formaldehyde resin（1.3 mg/m3）also existed.Benzene and its homologues existed in cast shakeout and finishing,and the level of benzene,toluene,xylene was 0.2 mg/m3,0.1 mg/m3and 1.3 mg/m3,re-spectively.In pouring and melting.there existed chemical occupational hazards,lncluding benzo（a）pyrene,metal fume（lead,cadmium,manganese,nickel,chromium）and gas（hydrogen sulfide,phosphine,sulfur diox-ide.carbon monoxide）.Mean concentration of benzo（a）pyrene was a low level of 1.80×1O（-4）μg/m3.Physical occupational agents in the foundry were noise,heat stress and vibration.Intensity of heat stress was hign in mehing,pouring and cast shakeout and finishing,with the level of 30℃,29℃ and 26℃,respectively.Noise was high in cast shakeout and finishing and core-making,with the level of 93.1 dB（A）and 89.5 dB（A）,re-spectively.Vibration existed in core-making and cast shakeout and finishing.Compulsory postures included long standing.seating and bowing.Conclusion Occupational hazards in environment of the ibundry are di-versified and their concentrations exceed permissible exposure limits stipulated by the national occupational hygienic standards.High-concentrations of dust,metal fume,low-concentrations of vanety of chemicals,hign-intensitv of noise and vibration,heat stress,and harmful compulsory posture,and so on all co-exist in the foundry.Control and protective measures should be strengthened.
出处
《中华劳动卫生职业病杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2010年第4期280-285,共6页
Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases
关键词
铸造
工作场所
粉尘
高温
职业卫生
危险因素
Foundry
Workplace
Dust
Hyperthermicl
Occupational health
Rish factors
